Relief period

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The response time is the most important planning and quality feature for the fire and rescue services . In the laws of the federal states on rescue services and fire protection as well as municipal fire protection requirement plans, maximum values ​​for the assistance period and additional protection goals (assistance period and personnel strength) are specified for fire protection. According to this, the density of the network is based on rescue stations and fire brigade locations as well as their staff and material resources. Compliance with the assistance deadline can be checked using the operational documentation of the control centers .

definition

Periods of the grace period

There are different definitions of the grace period. Usually it is not defined from the onset of an emergency / fire, but only from the start of the emergency call query in the control center until adequate help arrives at the scene. This time interval can be planned. The time until the emergency call is received in the control center, also known as the reporting deadline, depends on coincidences and cannot be planned. Smoke detectors in private households and fire alarm systems in particularly endangered buildings as well as a dense network of emergency call facilities can significantly reduce this time. The assistance period ends with the arrival of the emergency services on site and the initiation of effective relief measures.

The response time can be divided into three essential time segments: the discussion and disposition time in the control center, the deployment time of the emergency services and the time to get to the site.

Talk and disposition time
After the emergency call is received in a control center, the dispatcher records the incident , decides, based on the information provided by the caller and taking into account the relevant alarm plans , which emergency services must be alerted and alerts them. The planning average time for discussion and disposition time is around one minute for the rescue service and 1.5 minutes for fire protection (target value according to AGBF ).
Release time
The deployment time begins with the alerting of the emergency services via automated alarm systems in the rescue service and at full-time fire stations or by the activation of the siren or the radio receiver at volunteer fire brigades . It contains the route from the lounge area to the vehicle hall in the rescue service and at full-time fire stations or the journey of the volunteers to the fire station as well as putting on personal equipment during fire operations. The release time ends with the departure of the occupied vehicle.
The planning average time fluctuates from around one minute for the rescue service and the professional fire department and up to four minutes for volunteer fire departments (target value according to AGBF).
Travel time
In practice, the travel time from the vehicle location to the place of use represents a planning variable in the assistance period. 95% of the time it should remain within the statutory provisions for the assistance period. The deviation from 100% results from special events such as extreme weather conditions, accidents on the way, cases of duplication. The planning target value for (volunteer) fire brigades is four minutes (according to AGBF).
Smoke gas curve after the orbit study

Basic deployment time is a common term in Rhineland-Palatinate that summarizes the release time and the travel time.

In order to ensure the recovery of an emergency patient , immediate life-saving measures must be carried out as soon as possible. The chances of success for resuscitation after three minutes are 75%, after ten minutes it is 5%.

In the case of the standardized damage event "critical apartment fire"According to AGBF, a flashover must be expected 18 to 20 minutes after the outbreak of fire . Furthermore, according to the Orbit study, the endurance limit for a person in fire smoke is around 13 minutes. The resuscitation limit for a person in the fire smoke is about 17 minutes, according to Orbit study. That is why the AGBF specifies a deadline of 9.5 or 14.5 minutes (+ 3.5 min reporting time) (see figure).

More recent studies show serious deficiencies in the ORBIT study, which was basically not created for planning the assistance deadline, but for procurement planning for fire fighting vehicles:

  • Contrary to the assumptions of the study (according to recent French studies) the majority of lethal smoke gas poisoning is not caused by carbon monoxide, but by hydrocyanic acid poisoning (caused by a plastic fire).
  • The statistical fire detection time at the time the ORBIT study was carried out was already above the asphyxiation time postulated by the ORBIT study, so that a rescue would not be statistically possible under these assumptions.
  • The applicability of the ORBIT study in the area, i.e. H. in the area of ​​volunteer fire brigades, is very questionable, since the statistical base material of the study mainly comes from professional fire brigades.
  • The fire brigades only actually provide fire assistance to a small percentage of their operations; mostly it is about technical assistance. The determination of the assistance periods on the basis of an application scenario that makes up less than 20% of the application spectrum can be viewed as a questionable methodology.

In addition, the development in the building stock (keyword: thermal insulation ) has led to the fact that the flashover as an operational risk for firefighters has increased significantly in danger. The time of the flashover is reached earlier thanks to thermal insulation, so that small task forces should give the fire-fighting attack priority over rescuing people for reasons of self-protection. This in turn leads to an extension of the deadline for personal assistance.

In consideration of all these findings, the basic concept of deriving the auxiliary deadline from the ORBIT study can be viewed as factually incorrect and outdated.

Political and institutional guidelines

In Germany, the federal states are responsible for the rescue service. Accordingly, the legal requirements for assistance periods are regulated in 16 different rescue service laws. According to these regulations, the assistance period begins mainly with the receipt of the emergency call, with the decision to deploy (Lower Saxony), the opening of the deployment (Bremen) or the start of the journey (Bavaria, Saarland). The time needed for help ranges from eight minutes in densely populated areas of North Rhine-Westphalia to a maximum of 17 minutes in rural areas of Thuringia (up to 15 minutes for 95% of the population in the rescue service area).

Periods of the grace period

Fire protection, on the other hand, is a municipal task. In fire protection requirement plans, municipalities specify the protection target to be striven for and the degree of target achievement to be observed in accordance with the local conditions. These requirements are checked by the federal states. In some federal states, the type and application of a fire protection requirement plan are prescribed.

Since there are no nationwide uniform legal regulations and guidelines , the protective target definitions developed by the Working Group of Heads of Professional Fire Brigades ( AGBF ) for different scenarios (damaging events) are of great importance as a guideline, in particular the precisely defined damaging event "critical apartment fire". In addition to the purely time-related requirements for the assistance deadline, the staffing levels required for effective deployment as well as the necessary self-protection are specified and the required degree of achievement (95%) is defined (see figure). Most fire protection requirement plans closely follow these guidelines. In addition, special hazard areas should be taken into account.

background

The specific organizational planning (locations of the rescue and fire stations, personnel and material equipment) has to be based on the deadline for assistance, which in turn essentially determines the maintenance costs of the emergency response .

Wherever locations of fire and rescue services have grown historically, they are often concentrated in central locations (e.g. several aid organizations in a district town ), while there are no such locations in the area. A location and equipment planning based on the assistance deadline should enable an almost equally good supply of all people in the planning area.

The required real degree of achievement must inevitably be less than 100%, because incidents such as an unusually high number of simultaneous deployments in an area, accidents or defects in emergency vehicles on the approach or impassable roads cannot be conclusively planned.

Help deadline for emergency services in various federal states

(Always from the receipt of the emergency report in the control center to the arrival at the emergency location)

  • Baden-Württemberg: 10–15 minutes
  • Bavaria: max. 12 minutes shortest planned travel time (plus processing time not defined in detail in the ILST)
  • Berlin: needs-based
  • Brandenburg: 15 minutes (with electronic control systems from the time of the initial alarm)
  • Bremen: 95% in 10 minutes
  • Hamburg: 8–10 minutes (DV of the BF), according to the legal text "needs-based and appropriate"
  • Hesse: 90% in 10 minutes, 95% in 15 minutes (ambulance service), 15 minutes theoretical-planning accessibility from the location (emergency doctor)
  • Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania: 10 minutes
  • Lower Saxony: 95% in 15 minutes
  • North Rhine-Westphalia: 8 minutes, in rural areas 12 minutes
  • Rhineland-Palatinate: 15 minutes
  • Saarland: 95% in 12 minutes
  • Saxony: 95% in 12 minutes
  • Saxony-Anhalt: 12 minutes
  • Schleswig-Holstein: 12 minutes
  • Thuringia: 14 minutes, in rural areas 17 minutes.

Aid period as a quality measure

The actual degree of achievement of the aid deadline in an area can be determined retrospectively on the basis of deployment statistics. It then serves as a quality measure. If this value deviates significantly from the specified assistance deadline, the organization of the fire protection or rescue service must be checked, in particular the number and positioning of rescue vehicles.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Fire on the upper floor of a residential building with a smoky (impassable) stairwell and human life in danger

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Rescue Service Act Baden-Württemberg, § 3 Paragraph 2, www.landesrecht-bw.de, accessed on May 13, 2009
  2. ↑ http://www.ff-kell-am-see.de/willkommen/nuetzliches/ Einsatzgrundzeit.html
  3. ↑ AGBF-Bund: Recommendations of the working group of heads of professional fire departments . September 16, 1998, update of November 19, 2015 Quality criteria for the requirements planning of fire brigades in cities ( Memento of January 22, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  4. ↑ "Methodical Approaches to Data-Based-Analytical Risk Assessment for Strategic Planning of Fire Brigades", Ing. Adrian Ridder, M.Sc., MIFireE, Chair of Safety Technology / Accident Research, Department of Safety Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal.
  5. ↑ Research report No. 145 DEVELOPMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN FIRE IN ROOMS, Institute of the Fire Department Saxony-Anhalt, 2007.
  6. ↑ "ORBIT 2010", current findings on the medical and rescue basics of planning in fire services
  7. ↑ Guido Kaiser, University Medicine Göttingen, Poison Information Center North of the states of Bremen, Hamburg, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein (GIZ North), 37099 Göttingen
  8. ↑ Example: Recommendation of the Saxon State Ministry of the Interior on the fire protection requirement plan ( Memento from February 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ↑ Section 2 (1) sentence 3 AVBayRDG of November 30, 2010 , accessed on July 30, 2018
  10. ^ Rescue service plan of the State of Hesse 2016. Hessian Ministry for Social Affairs and Integration, September 6, 2016, accessed on July 26, 2017 .
  11. ↑ Section 2, Paragraph 3 of the Ordinance on the Assessment of the Need for Rescue Service Facilities (RequirementVO-RettD) ( legal text in the Nds. Regulations Information System )