Horn silica sponges

Horn silica sponges
	Xestospongia sp. (Order Haplosclerida)
Systematics
Domain :	Eukaryotes (Eucaryota)
without rank:	Opisthokonta
without rank:	Holozoa
without rank:	Multicellular animals (Metazoa)
Trunk :	Sponges (Porifera)
Class :	Horn silica sponges
Scientific name
	Demospongiae
	Sollas , 1885

The horn silica sponges (Demospongiae, Gr .: folk sponges ) form a class from the sponges (Porifera) tribe . With around 5000 recent species in 600 genera , including three freshwater species, around 85% of all recent species of sponges belong to this taxon .

Structure of the endoskeleton

The skeleton contains the protein spongin and spicula (skeletal needles), which are made of silicon dioxide . These types of skeletal needles are also known as pebble spicules. Some species are also known whose skeletons consist either only of spongin or only of spicula. The spicula are held together by the spongin. If there are no spicules, the skeleton is formed by highly intertwined spongin. The horn silica sponges are the only group of sponges that form spongin.

Bath sponges

From some species such as B. Hippospongia equina ( horse sponge ) and Spongia officinalis ( Spongia officinalis ) from the subclass Ceractinomorpha and order Dictyoceratida be bath sponges won (natural sponges). Today, however, most of the bath sponges are artificially made.

Systematics

Only a few species of sponges occur in fresh water (here probably Spongilla lacustris ; Haplosclerida)

The horn silica sponges are divided into three subclasses and the following orders:

Subclass Homoscleromorpha Bergquist, 1978

Homosclerophorida Dendy, 1905

Subclass Tetractinomorpha Levi, 1953

Astrophorida Sollas, 1888

Chondrosida Boury-Esnault & Lopès, 1985

Hadromerida Topsent, 1894

Spheciospongia vesparium

Hermit sponge ( Suberites domuncula )

Lithistida Sollas, 1888

Spirophorida Bergquist & Hogg, 1969

Subclass Ceractinomorpha Levi, 1953

Agelasida Verrill, 1907
Dendroceratida Minchin, 1900
Dictyoceratida Minchin, 1900
Halichondrida Gray, 1867
Halisarcida Bergquist, 1996
Haplosclerida Topsent, 1928
Poecilosclerida Topsent, 1928
Verongida Bergquist, 1978
Verticillitida Termier & Termier, 1977

Agelas oroides
( Agelasida )
Chondrosia reniformis
( Chondrosida )
Spongia officinalis
( Dictyoceratida )
Spirastrella cunctatrix
( Hadromerida )
Phakellia sp.
( Halichondrida )
Petrosia ficiformis
( Haplosclerida )
Oscarella lobularis
( Homosclerophorida )
Phorbas tenacior
( Poecilosclerida )
Aplysina aerophoba
( Verongida )

swell

^ John N. Hooper, Rob W. van Soest (eds.): Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Kluver Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York 2002, ISBN 978-0306472602 .

literature

Wilfried Westheide , Reinhard Rieger (Hrsg.): Special zoology . tape 1 . Spectrum Academic Publishing House, 2003, ISBN 3-8274-1482-2 .

Web links

Commons : Demospongiae - collection of images, videos and audio files

[1] John N. Hooper, Rob W. van Soest (eds.): Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Kluver Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York 2002, ISBN 978-0306472602 .