Opisthokonta

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Schubgeissler
Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) infected with the fungus Pandora neoaphidis. Both types belong to the Opisthokonta.

Green peach aphid ( Myzus persicae )
infected with the fungus Pandora neoaphidis .
Both types belong to the Opisthokonta.

Systematics
Domain : Eukaryota
without rank: Amorphea
without rank: Obazoa
Super group : Schubgeissler
Scientific name
Opisthokonta
Caval.-Sm. 1987, emend. Adl et al. 2005

The Opisthokonta ( Greek for "posterior pole", because of the position of the scourge ) are one of the groups of eukaryotes , i.e. living beings with cell nuclei . They mainly include the multicellular animals (Metazoa) and fungi (Fungi) as well as some groups of unicellular organisms.

term

The taxon was first described in 1987 by Thomas Cavalier-Smith ; the name has been mentioned several times by this author (together with Ema Chao), but has not been formally described. Before that (1956) it was used by Herbert Copeland as the name for the Chytridiomycetes in the broader sense. In 2005 it was adopted by a working group ( Adl and colleagues) in their reference work for the phylogeny of eukaryotes, which is widely accepted as the standard work.

features

The Opisthokonta are morphologically and in their way of life very diverse and have hardly any common features. In addition to animals and fungi, they also include flagellates such as the frilled flagellates and amoebas . According to a brief description by Adl et al. have the Opisthokonta in at least one stage of development typically cells with a single posterior lying cilium without Mastigonemata that may have gone but also secondarily lost. The cells also have a pair of kinetosomes or centrioles , which can be modified.

The eponymous scourge at the rear end is an evolutionary original feature that distinguishes the Opisthokonta from other living beings, which also have one or more flagella at the front end, which have been lost in the trunk line to the Opisthokonta. Within the Opisthokonta this last scourge was then regressed into at least four lineages , namely on the one hand in Dikarya and Rotosphaerida (from the Opisthokonta group of the Nucletmycea ) and on the other hand in Ichthyophonida and Capsaspora (from the Holozoa ). The flagellum is absent from most mushrooms with the exception of flagellate mushrooms .

An original feature is the formation of chitin and thus the presence of chitin kinases .

Systematics

The Schubgeissler (Opisthokonta) are divided into the two groups of the Nucletmycea and the Holozoa. The former contain the rotosphaerida and the fungi ( fungi ). The latter include the clades of Ichthyosporea , Pluriformea, and Filozoa . In the third monophylum , next to the filasterea, the Choanozoa are placed, to which the frilled flagellates ( Choanoflagellata ) and animals ( Metazoa ) belong.

Internal systematics of the Opisthokonta
 Opisthokonta 
 Nucletmycea 

Rotosphaerida


   

Fungi



 Holozoa 

Ichthyosporea


   

Pluriformea


   

Filozoa





literature

proof

  1. ↑ a b Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JA, Bowser SS, Bragerolle G, Fensome RA, Fredericq S, James TY, Karpov S, Kugrens P, Krug J, Lane CE, Lewis LA , Lodge J, Lynn DH, Mann DG, McCourt RM, Mendoza L, Moestrup Ø, Mozley-Standridge SE, Nerad TA, Shearer CA, Smirnov AV, Spiegel FW, Taylor MFJR: The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists . In: Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology . 52, 2005, pp. 399-451. PMID 16248873 .
  2. ↑ Adl, SM, Simpson, AGB, Lane, CE, Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, SS, Brown, MW, Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A. , Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., le Gall, L., Lynn, DH, McManus, H., Mitchell, EAD, Mozley-Stanridge, SE, Parfrey, LW, Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, CL, Smirnov, A. and Spiegel, FW: The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology , 59: 429-514, 2012, PDF Online
  3. ↑ Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E. Chao, Elizabeth A. Snell, Cédric Berney, Anna Maria Fiore-Donno, Rhodri Lewis: Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81, 2014; Pp. 71-85. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2014.08.012
  4. ↑ a b Guifré Torruella, Alex de Mendoza, Xavier Grau-Bové, Meritxell Antó, Mark A. Chaplin, Javier del Campo, Laura Eme, Gregorio Pérez-Cordón, Christopher M. Whipps, Krista M. Nichols, Richard Paley, Andrew J. Roger, Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla, Stuart Donachie, Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo: Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi: Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi. Current Biology 25, 2015; Pp. 2404-2410. doi : 10.1016 / j.cub.2015.07.053
  5. ↑ Jane Reece & al .: Campbell Biology . 10th edition, Pearson, Hallbergmoos 2016, pp. 858f.
  6. ↑ Sina M. Adl, David Bass, Christopher E. Lane, Julius Lukes, Conrad L. Schoch, Alexey Smirnov, Sabine Agatha, Cedric Berney, Matthew W. Brown, Fabien Burki, Paco Cárdenas, Ivan Cepicka, Lyudmila Chistyakova, Javier del Campo, Micah Dunthorn, Bente Edvardsen, Yana Eglit, Laure Guillou, Vladimír Hampl, Aaron A. Heiss, Mona Hoppenrath, Timothy Y. James, Anna Karnkowska, Sergey Karpov, Eunsoo Kim, Martin Kolisko, Alexander Kudryavtsev, Daniel JG Lahr, Enrique Lara, Line Le Gall, Denis H. Lynn, David G. Mann, Ramon Massana, Edward AD Mitchell, Christine Morrow, Jong Soo Park, Jan W. Pawlowski, Martha J. Powell, Daniel J. Richter, Sonja Rueckert, Lora Shadwick , Satoshi Shimano, Frederick W. Spiegel, Guifré Torruella, Noha Youssef, Vasily Zlatogursky, Qianqian Zhang: Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes . In: Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology . Volume 66, 2019, pp. 7, 19, 20, 22, 23.
  7. ↑ Elisabeth Hehenberger, Denis V. Tikhonenkov, Martin Kolisko, Javier del Campo, Anton S. Esaulov, Alexander P. Mylnikov, Patrick J. Keeling: Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals . In: Current Biology . Volume 27, 2017, p. 2045.
  8. ↑ Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi, Marianne A. Minge, Mari Espelund, Russell Orr, Torgeir Ruden, Kjetill S. Jakobsen, Thomas Cavalier-Smith: Multigene Phylogeny of Choanozoa and the Origin of Animals . In: PLoS ONE . Volume 3, 2008, e2098, p. 5.