Hussite songs

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Jan Vilímek : Jan Hus

Hussite songs originated in the 15th century under the influence of Hussiteism . They are shaped by religious, spiritual and revolutionary ideas from this epoch. Many of the songs were written directly by Jan Hus and Jan Čapek .

The Jistebnice office

The Jistebnice office
Those who are God-fighters

The Jistebnický kancionál ( Kanzionale ) represents the most valuable collection of Hussite songs . The contents are the hymns of the Prague party around Jan Želivský and the songs of the Taborites . In addition to the usual songs are older texts, Czech songs, Latin songs ( Christmas songs ), songs of Hus, but also measuring songs , songs about the altar mystery , festive and holiday songs and finally peace and war songs in the book. Apart from Hus, only one other known songwriter is known, namely Jan Čapek. The suggestion goes back to him to let children learn songs as well. Probably the most famous creation of the Taborite warriors became the famous song Ktož jsú boží bojovníci (German those who fight God ). This song has become a direct symbol of the religious renewal movement.

Another famous war song is Povstaň, povstaň, veliké město Pražske ( German  Stand up, stand up, big city Prague or Rise , stand up, big city Prague ), which was written under the impression of the sermon against Emperor Sigismund in the circle of Jan Želivský (Johann von Seelau) was created.

The Hussite song culminates in the revolutionary chants that were sung by the faithful as they went up the mountains and in the camps. It was also the certainty of faith that God reveals himself on the mountains and that only on the mountains can the people be saved from God's wrath. The songs are shaped by the events of the time, by religious disputes, attacks by radicals, complaints about innovations in religion and worship, etc. a. Instrumental music then experienced a decline as it was rejected as sinful; For example, organs were not allowed in the Taborites. But it is thanks to Jan Hus that he made it possible for the people to take part in the worship service by singing spiritual songs.

The Hussite spiritual song

Apart from the sermon, no other form of literary representation dominated the stormy time as the sacred song . Jan Hus and his followers took it up in the service and took special care there. The Hussite sacred song in the Czech language was rated differently by the individual parties, as the Latin song was still heard at that time. Jan Hus was the first to consciously create songs for the people and teach them to sing in the Bethlehem Chapel. His endeavors were understood and he found successors. Hus himself also sang when he was at the stake in Konstanz and he was asked again to revoke his teachings. He reaffirmed his teachings and began to sing spiritual songs. The executioner then set fire to the stake. In terms of songs, Hus has mainly edited or recreated an Advent song by Jezu Kriste, štědrý kněže (Jesus Kristus, magnanimous prince) and Navštěv nás, Kriste žádúcí ( Find us home, beloved Christ ).

Mockery songs

Oswald von Wolkenstein

Hus not only had supporters and successors, but also opponents. During this time of the development of the song in the Czech language and the instruction of the broad masses in reading and understanding the Holy Scriptures, the Roman party in Bohemia could not stand idly by. She resorted to the tried and tested means of satire and parody , which were also used as intellectual weapons by the other side. Mock songs were created under the influence of certain events such as B. 1410 on the occasion of the ordered burning of the books of Wyclif . In the Hussite period, the parties also fought each other with Latin songs, e.g. B. the song against Hus Cancio contra Hus et eius fautores omnes attendite . The song praises Charles IV , reviles the time of Wenceslas IV , describes the persecution of the Church and accuses Jan Hus in everything. Oswald von Wolkenstein wrote one of the most famous songs of derision about Hus.

Oswald von Wolkenstein (around 1376-1445) processed much more timely in the unusual song I heard by mangen granns (Cl. 27 I heard through some Schnabel [= the geese, or the noble birds]), the so-called Hussitenlied , political Events surrounding the Bohemian reformer and the consequences of his teaching. Oswald uses an image from ornithology (granns / Schnabel) and aims at the Bohemian scholar, because hus means goose in Czech. This translation was already familiar to the participants in the Council of Constance and had a negative connotation for them. Hus's opponents therefore used the description at the beginning of the council and ridiculed the Bohemian teacher as "goose head".

Excerpt from verse 5

The second Hussitenlied Oswald with the number Cl. 134, you can in the time after the last crushing defeat against the Hussites in the Battle of Taus in 1431 date.

literature

  • Winfried Baumann: The literature of the Middle Ages in Bohemia. German-Latin-Czech literature from the 10th to the 15th century (= publications of the Collegium Carolinum. Volume 37). Oldenbourg, Vienna 1978, ISBN 3-486-49071-0 .
  • Jiří Daňhelka: Husitské písně (= Národní klenotnice . Volume 60). Československý spisovatel, Praha 1952 , OCLC 2829168 .
  • Franz Josef Schweitzer: The Hussite songs of Oswald von Wolkenstein against the background of the Bohemian reform movement and revolution. In: Yearbook of the Oswald von Wolkenstein Society. Edited by Sieglinde Hartmann, Ulrich Müller. Volume 9, 1996/97, ISSN  0722-4311 , 31-43.
  • Roman Jacobson : Poetry of grammar and grammar of poetry. All poetry analyzes. Annotated German edition. Edited by Hendrik Birus , Sebastian Donat. 2 vols. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-018362-7 .
    • Volume 1: Poetological writings and analyzes of poetry from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment.
    • Volume 2: Analyzes of poetry from romantic to modern.
  • Wernfried Hofmeister: Oswald von Wolkenstein. The poetic work. Complete translation into New High German prose with translation comments and text bibliographies (= De Gruyter texts ). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2011, ISBN 978-3-11-022423-8 .
  • Mathias Feldges: Poetry and Politics at the Council of Constance. A new interpretation of Oswald's von Wolkenstein's Hussite song. In: Literature, audience, historical context (= contributions to the older literary history. Ed. By Joachim Bumke and others. Volume 1. Ed. By Gert Kaiser). P. Lang, Bern / Frankfurt a. M./Las Vegas 1977, pp. 137-181, ISBN 3-261-02923-4 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Jiří Daňhelka: Husitské písně. P. 183; For the full text of the song from Jistebnický kancionál see Wikisource / Wikizdroje: Ktož jsú boží bojovníci .
  2. Cf. Matthew 19.29  LUT : (Jesus to Peter :) "And whoever leaves houses or brothers or sisters or father or mother or children or fields for my name's sake will receive it a hundredfold and inherit eternal life." the synoptic parallel Mark 10,29-30  LUT : “Jesus said [to Peter]: Truly I say to you: There is no one who leaves house or brothers or sisters or mother or father or children or fields for my sake and for the gospel sake that does not receive a hundredfold: now at this time houses and brothers and sisters and mothers and children and fields in the midst of persecution - and in the world to come, eternal life. "
  3. Cf. Matthew 10:28  LUT : “And do not be afraid of those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul; But fear him much more of him who can destroy body and soul in hell. "
  4. Cf. John 15:13  LUT : “No one has greater love than that he gives up his life for his friends.” 1 John 3:16  LUT : “We have recognized love by this, that he left his life for us ; and we are also to give life for the brothers. " John 10:11  NIV :" I am the good shepherd. The good shepherd gives his life for the sheep. "
  5. Jiří Daňhelka: Husitské písně. P. 180.
  6. a b "Kl" - counting according to the edition by Karl Kurt Klein : The songs of Oswald von Wolkenstein (with the participation of Walter Weiß and Notburga Wolf), in the version of the 3rd, newly edited. and exp. Ed. (By Hans Moser, Norbert Richard Wolf and Notburga Wolf). M. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1987, ISBN 3-484-21155-5 . See the songs of Oswald von Wolkenstein. In: wolkenstein-gesellschaft.com, accessed on September 19, 2016. - Revised version: The songs of Oswald von Wolkenstein (= Old German Text Library. No. 55). Edited by Karl Kurt Klein. 4th, completely revised edition by Burghart Wachinger . De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston, Mass. 2015, ISBN 978-3-11-033503-3 (partly online in: de Gruyter online , accessed on September 19, 2016).
  7. For the translation and interpretation see Sieglinde Hartmann : Wolkenstein's political poetry: The battle for Greifenstein in Tyrol (Kl 85) and Wolkenstein's participation in the Imperial Crusades against the Hussites (Kl 27 + Kl 134). (= Oswald von Wolkenstein and the German poetry of the late Middle Ages: materials for the 4th VL. VL SS 2013 ). S. 2. In: sieglinde-hartmann.com, accessed on September 19, 2016 (PDF; 48 kB).
  8. I heard from mangen granns. In: wolkenstein-gesellschaft.com, accessed on September 19, 2016.
  9. For the translation and interpretation see Sieglinde Hartmann, 2013, p. 4 f.
  10. ^ Franz Josef Schweitzer: The Hussite songs Oswald von Wolkenstein against the background of the Bohemian reform movement and revolution. In: Yearbook of the Oswald von Wolkenstein Society. Edited by Sieglinde Hartmann, Ulrich Müller. Volume 9, 1996/97, ISSN  0722-4311 , 31-43, here pp. 31-32.
  11. ^ Wernfried Hofmeister: Oswald von Wolkenstein. The poetic work. P. 99.
  12. Got mus fur vns vechte. In: wolkenstein-gesellschaft.com, accessed on September 19, 2016.
  13. ^ Franz Josef Schweitzer: The Hussite songs Oswald von Wolkenstein against the background of the Bohemian reform movement and revolution. In: Yearbook of the Oswald von Wolkenstein Society. Edited by Sieglinde Hartmann, Ulrich Müller. Volume 9, 1996/97, ISSN  0722-4311 , 31-43, here p. 43.
  14. ^ Wernfried Hofmeister: Oswald von Wolkenstein. The poetic work. P. 337.