Hymn book
A hymn book is a collection of songs used for singing together . In contrast to the songbook , a hymnbook is always assigned to a defined group, mostly in the religious or ecclesiastical area.
Types of hymn book
Hymnbooks are usually arranged according to the subject of the songs, but are often only dedicated to one particular subject. So there is
- Ecclesiastical hymn books published by religious communities or their subdivisions and used for chanting during services and other events. It contains song lyrics and often the associated notes of traditional and new sacred songs. In addition, divine services, psalms and prayers are often printed. The Hymnology investigated structure and design as well as content and origin of church hymnals and church songs .
- Hymn books for scouts or other groups such as the Alpine clubs
- Song books for school or field hymn books for soldiers.
- Kommers books for student associations .
- Thematic hymn books - for example with spirituals , for hiking , for Advent and Christmas and the like.
- In the nautical language , the chafing stone for scrubbing the deck is called a hymn book because it is used on the knees .
Hymn books in German-speaking countries usually contain the melody in musical notation and the text of the songs. But there are also hymn books that only contain the lyrics - for example, if they are designed to be taken with you on trips and the melodies are well known (for example in mountaineering songs ).
In the past, such songs - text books were much more widespread than they are today and were published for numerous topics and by various associations . Church hymn books in English-speaking countries are still often used today as pure text editions.
Only a few hymn books contain sheet music for accompanying instruments ; however, chords are often given for the accompanying guitar (or similar). However, some editors of hymn books are now starting to print complete musical notations at least for a large part of the songs. This then saves the publication of a special grade book.
Christian hymn books, historical development
History and Development of the hymnal are closely linked to the history of the hymn .
middle Ages
Books with liturgical chants such as graduals and antiphonals have existed in the Roman or Latin Church since the Middle Ages . They contain Latin chants of the Gregorian chant and are usually not intended for congregational singing , but for the choir or the choral schola . Since the liturgical movement at the beginning of the 20th century included the faithful more actively in the worship service, excerpts from the gradual have appeared as kyrials for the people .
Pre-Reformation and Reformation Era
It was not until the pre-Reformation that congregational hymn books were compiled that contained folk songs. One of the first known community hymn books was printed in the Czech language in 1501, probably in Prague. In 1531 Michael Weisse , who belonged to the Bohemian Brothers , published a German adaptation printed in the Bohemian Jungbunzlau.
The reformer Martin Luther valued not only the participation of the congregation in the worship service through the congregational singing, but also the hymn for conveying doctrinal statements. His eight-song book was published in 1524 . Also in 1524, Luther's colleague Johann Walter published the Geistliche Chorgesangbüchlein , a four-part hymn book with tenor songs . The time after Luther's death was marked by a refinement and dogmatization of theology, which was also reflected in the hymn texts.
With to praise and thank God appeared in St. Gallen , the first Protestant church hymnal of 1533 Switzerland . The client was the city council, the first minister Dominik Zili (before 1500–1542) carried out the printing . Froschauer in Zurich was responsible for the printing .
Around 1564 the first edition of the number of beautiful Christian songs such as the same at Passau was written and sung by the Swiss brothers in the Gefenknus in the castle by divine grace. Ps. 139. Your poets were followers of the Anabaptist movement , the place of origin - as indicated in the title - the dungeon of Passau Castle . The title of the second expanded edition (printed in 1571) already bears the name Ausbund , under which this hymnbook is known to this day and is still used in worship in the Amish communities . It is the oldest hymn book that has been used continuously since the Reformation.
In the second half of the 16th century, numerous other hymn books appeared in quick succession. The invention of printing with (movable) letters made it possible to print affordable hymn books in large numbers for all members of the congregation. Hymn books were often supplemented with instructions on (private) prayer and (domestic) devotion ; often the catechism and the central creeds were also included.
Significantly supported by the reformer Johannes Calvin , the first complete hymn of psalms appeared in 1562 with the Geneva Psalter . In Ambrosius Lobwasser's translation , it became the authoritative German-language hymn book of the Reformed congregations for over two hundred years. In 1565 the first German Psalter by Sigmund Hemmel , set to music for four parts , appeared in Tübingen , in which the Cantus Firmus is still performed in tenor. Of Lukas Osiander the first polyphonic singing book comes treble - cantusfirmus (1569).
Evangelical hymn since the Reformation
Period of the Thirty Years War and pre-Pietism
German-language poetry flourished in the 17th century, as evidenced by Martin Opitz 's book on Prosodia germanica or German Poetry (1624). Hymn books from the time of the Thirty Years' War increasingly focused on private devotion, such as the second edition of the Praxis pietatis melica published in 1647 by Johann Crüger . For the first time, it contained devotional songs by Paul Gerhardt (18 in the second edition, 82 in the fifth edition from 1653) and has been reprinted numerous times.
While all previous hymn books were ultimately aimed at private individuals, the first regional hymn books have now appeared, which were published by sovereigns for small regions.
Pietism
As part of pietism a flood of new originated hymns , which was reflected in new hymnals. The most important hymn book of Pietism, Freylinghausen's hymn book , published in Halle in 1704 , comprised about 1500 songs in two volumes.
rationalism
During Rationalism , many existing songs were revised according to rationalist values, and there were numerous new poems. A hymn book of rationalism is the Cramer hymn book published by Johann Andreas Cramer in 1780 .
19th century
Romanticism brought a return to the songs of the Reformation and to old liturgical forms . The first approach to an all-German Protestant hymnbook, the German Evangelical Hymnbook in 150 Core Songs from 1853, almost completely dispenses with pietistic and rationalistic songs. Ultimately, it could not prevail due to its one-sided stylistic orientation.
While the concept of a uniform evangelical hymnbook for the entire German area initially failed, various evangelical hymnbooks were published for individual regional churches, for example in 1883 for Schleswig-Holstein.
Catholic hymn since the Counter Reformation
Triggered by the widespread impact of the vernacular songs and chants of the Reformation, German-language songs and collections of songs were also created in the Roman Catholic Church. Michael Vehe published the first Catholic parish hymn book in 1537 , which contained some revisions of Luther's songs. The hymn book Spiritual Songs and Psalms of the Ancients Apostolic Law and Christian Churches of the Bautzen Cathedral Dean Johann Leisentrit , published in 1567, was more extensive and more important in terms of reception . This largest, arguably the most beautifully furnished hymn book of the Catholic Reform contains 250 songs with 181 melodies, including many from Protestant sources and around 70 new ones that are likely to come from Leisentrit's own pen. In 1545 the Babst hymnbook , which was still expressly recognized by Luther, appeared .
Although the Council of Trent (1545–1563) adhered to the Latin liturgical language as binding, German hymns were customary to accompany the service. In the course of the Counter-Reformation , the Jesuits in particular published numerous hymn books for teaching the faith. "Trutznachtigall or spiritual-poetic Lustwäldlein" by the Jesuit Friedrich Spee was published posthumously in 1649 in Cologne. In the Baroque period, “typically Catholic” collections followed with a focus on Corpus Christi , Marian and saints songs. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the number of Catholic hymn books grew, and the bishops increasingly authorized them for their diocese. The holy song for worship in the Roman Catholic Church , published in 1777, should be mentioned . First part by Franz Seraph von Kohlbrenner .
In southern Germany and Austria, singing masses were created in German from the Enlightenment period . The liturgy was accompanied by congregational chants while the priest performed the liturgical prayers quietly. The Deutsche Messe , set to music by Franz Schubert in 1827 , whose text paraphrasing the Mass liturgy comes from Johann Philipp Neumann , is still popular today and can sometimes be found in several diocesan hymn books.
20th and 21st centuries
The 20th century brought the breakthrough of national hymn books.
Evangelical regional churches
The German Evangelical Hymnbook for Germans Abroad , published in 1915, was taken over as a main part in various Evangelical- regional church hymn books, each of which was expanded by a regional part. An example of a hymnbook of this concept is the North Hymnbook from 1930 for Schleswig-Holstein , Hamburg and Mecklenburg .
From around 1950 the Evangelical Church Hymn book (EKG) was introduced in all German regional churches and in Austria . Also, the ECG provided a unitary stem portion of a respective regional church was supplemented regional section.
It was soon felt as a defect that the EKG hardly contained any new melodies. New musical and textual needs ( jazz elements, spirituals , new hymns with the inclusion of popular musical elements, etc.) were initially taken into account with appendices and supplements (1975 God's people do not go alone , 1982 open and open their hearts , 1983 songs of our time ) .
Finally, around 1994, the Evangelical Hymnal (EG) was introduced, which is aimed at all German-speaking congregations in Europe. Like the EKG, it consists of a main part and a regional church part. In contrast to the EKG, the EG takes into account a wide range of musical and textual styles.
In the North German regional churches, hymn books in Low German and North Frisian have also been published in recent years . These are Dor kummt een Schipp (Lower Saxony / Bremen), Op goden Kurs (Schleswig-Holstein / Hamburg) and Loow nü e Hiire, which appeared in the North Frisian dialects .
The Danish Church in South Schleswig (DKS) uses the 2003 hymnal of the Danish national church Den Danske Salmebog . In 1995 the German-Danish hymn book Dansk-Tysk Salmebog, compiled by pastors of the Danish Church, was published for the first time .
The Reformed Hymnal (RG) has existed in Switzerland since the late 1990s .
Old denominational churches
The Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church (SELK) introduced the Evangelical Lutheran Hymnbook (ELKG ) in 1987 , the main part of which corresponds to the EKG and the appendix contains songs mainly from the time of Lutheran orthodoxy and the Lutheran revival . Since 2005, the SELK has been working on a new hymn book, for which the "highest possible compatibility with EG and ELKG in practical-musical terms" is sought.
The Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (ELFK) has been using the Lutheran Church Hymnbook (LKG) since 1971 , which has an independent structure and offers partially unrevised text versions. Since 2002 the ELFK has been working on a new hymn book. In autumn 2005 a sample booklet was published under the title Auf dem Weg. Songs for Advent and Weddings . In 2015 the new Lutheran hymn book was finally published .
Evangelical Free Churches
The United Methodist Church (UMC) in Germany, Austria and Switzerland introduced the Methodist Church's (EM) hymnbook, which replaced the previous hymn book from 1969/1971, on the 1st of Advent 2002 . It comprises 681 partly completely new songs on 1472 pages, not least from the area of New Spiritual Song . It is supplemented by prayers, confessions, devotions and liturgies and is illustrated for the first time by religious artistic pictures.
The Federation of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany published its fifth hymnbook within 100 years in 2004. It is titled Celebrations and praise and is - like the previous hymnal community songs together with the - Federation of Free Evangelical Churches in Germany used. The first three Evangelical Free Church ( Baptist ) hymnal editions were titled Faith's Voice .
The Working Group of Mennonite Congregations and the Conference of Mennonites of Switzerland published the Mennonite hymnbook for the first time in 2004 . The hymn book contains over 500 songs as well as prayers and meditation words on around 1,300 pages. In 2007, the Mennonite hymn book comprising 576 songs was published for German-speaking Mennonite congregations in Canada and Latin America .
In 2016, the Seventh-day Adventist Church published a new hymnbook for Germany and German-speaking Switzerland with Believe, Hope, Sing . Previously, the hymn book Wir praise God from 1983 was distributed, to which there was the supplementary volume Leben aus der Quelle with partly more recent songs since 2005 .
Roman Catholic Church
With the liturgical movement that began towards the end of the 19th century, native chants found their way into the liturgy of the Catholic Church in German-speaking countries. A widespread form of the liturgy was the betsing mass . Several dioceses published their own prayer and hymn books, such as Rottenburg (1867), Paderborn (1874) and Cologne (1875); editions followed in all dioceses in the 20th century. The hymn, first published in 1938, played an important role in the creation and dissemination of uniform religious songs in the German-speaking area . A selection of sacred songs . In 1947 experts from various German dioceses, chaired by Bishop Franz Rudolf Bornewasser of Trier , compiled a list of 74 “ standard songs ”; a similar list of 23 songs published in 1916 had not been able to establish itself.
For Catholics in Germany, Austria, South Tyrol, Luxembourg and German-speaking Belgium, the praise of God had been the common prayer and hymn book since 1975 , expanded in all dioceses by diocesan appendices.
New spiritual songs were not yet included in the praise of God in 1975, but were popularized in many congregations and groups and distributed in various publications. A supplement to the praise of God with 54 numbers appeared in 1985 for the diocesan annex of the diocese of Aachen and was used in several dioceses. Other dioceses also published their own supplementary books in the late 1980s and 1990s. In numerous communities, song collections have also been created, which are reproduced in simple form as a song book for local use.
From 2002 a completely new praise of God for the German and Austrian dioceses as well as South Tyrol was developed, initially under the provisional title Common Prayer and Hymnal (GGB). The book has been in worship since Advent 2013. It was available in all municipalities until the end of July 2014. The new praise of God also consists of a common part and a diocesan part, with some dioceses agreeing on common expenses.
Switzerland has had the Catholic hymn book of German-speaking Switzerland (KG) since 1998 .
Old Catholic Church
The Old Catholic congregations in Germany and Austria use the hymn book " Gesimmton" from 2003.
Other denominations
In the New Apostolic Church , the Apostolic Hymnbook published in 1889 was replaced by the first version of the New Apostolic Hymnal in 1910 . Its second edition from 1925 was in use for about 80 years. It was replaced in 2005 by the hymn book of the New Apostolic Church .
The German-speaking congregations of the Free Association of Apostolic Congregations published their own Apostolic Hymnbook in 1959 , which was heavily based on the New Apostolic hymnbook. This was fundamentally revised or redesigned from 1992 to 2005 and has been in use in the municipalities since 2005. It's called Sing to the Lord .
Ecumenism
The number of common ( ecumenical ) songs increases from new hymn book edition to new edition. Responsible for this is the Working Group for Ecumenical Songs (AÖL) on behalf of the Christian churches in the German-speaking area. In 1972, with the participation of the Roman Catholic Bishops' Conferences in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy and Luxembourg, the Evangelical Church in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the Old Catholic Church and several free churches , she gave 102 songs for the first time under the title Common Hymns. Chants of German-speaking Christianity out. The list has been updated ever since.
Europe
The hymn book of the Community of Evangelical Churches in Europe (CPCE) is called Colors of Grace and was first published in 2006. It contains Christian chants, traditional chorales and modern hymns in a total of twenty European languages.
Hymnbooks for special occasions and for private use
In many parishes , special song books are created for special liturgical celebrations such as Easter Vigil , church services for children or for youth , often also as loose- leaf binders to supplement or renew individual sheets.
Even at church celebrations with a family character - especially for baptisms and weddings - it becomes common among committed Christians to copy the sung songs in their own thin song books. These booklets often also contain photos of the “main characters”, the texts of the readings or other biblical passages or personal texts and are intended as small gifts to take away.
literature
- Michel Huglo: Liturgical hymn books . In: The music in the past and present (MGG). Material part. Vol. 5. Kassel - Meiningen, 1996, Col. 1412 ff.
- Walter Methler: “Come and let us honor Christ”. Exhibition catalog. 400 years of Paul Gerhardt and Philipp Nicolai - a hymn book exhibition. Henriette Davidis Museum, Wetter (Ruhr) 2007
- Franz Karl Praßl : Church hymn book . In: Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon . Online edition, Vienna 2002 ff., ISBN 3-7001-3077-5 ; Print edition: Volume 2, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-7001-3044-9 .
- Martin Rößler: Hymnal . In: The music in the past and present (MGG). Volume 3 (1995), Col. 1289-1323 (overview with further literature)
- Hermann Schüling: Catalog of a collection of hymn and prayer books . (= Reports and works from the university library and the university archive Giessen; 44/1992). University Library, Giessen 1992 ( digitized version ) - regional and subject-specific catalog with over 5000 titles
- Alexander Völker : hymn book . In: Theologische Realenzyklopädie 12 (1984), pp. 547-565 (overview with further literature)
- OKW : regulation H.Dv. 371, L.Dv. 41 - Evangelisches Feldgesangbuch - 1939
- OKW : regulation H.Dv. 372, M.Dv. 838, L.Dv. 42 - Catholic field hymn book - 1939
- Esther Wipfler: Hymnal, Protestant . In: RDK Labor, 2017
Individual evidence
- ^ Alfred Ehrensperger : The service in the city of St. Gallen, in the monastery and in the prince-abbot areas before, during and after the Reformation . Theological Publishing House Zurich, 2012, ISBN 9783290176280
- ^ Robert Friedmann: Ausbund . In: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
- ↑ http://www.liturgie.de/liturgie/index.php?link=ggbfaq German liturgical institute, accessed on October 26, 2011
- ↑ The holy song for church services in the Roman Catholic Church. Landshut 1777 (reprint: Landshut 2003, ISBN 3-927612-20-0 ; urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb11161747-7 ).
- ↑ Examples: Archbishop General Vicariate Cologne (ed.): Repent and believe - renew the world. Songs and prayers. Cologne 1982; Archbishop General Vicariate Cologne (ed.): Comes + sings. A children's song book - not just for children. Cologne 1992; General Cecilia Association for Germany, German Liturgical Institute, Central Committee of German Catholics on behalf of the Liturgy Commission of the German Bishops' Conference (Ed.): Unterwegs. Songs and prayers. Cologne / Trier 1994
- ^ Diocese of Aachen: Praise to God. Diocesan annex for the diocese of Aachen. Supplementary booklet . Mönchengladbach 1985
- ↑ Current status of the delivery of the new praise of God - delays. September 3, 2014, accessed September 6, 2014 .
- ^ Verlag Merseburger GmbH Berlin / Verlag Friedrich Pustet Regensburg / Evangelischer Presseverband Wien / Styria Verlag Graz / Theological Verlag Zurich / Union Druck und Verlag AG Solothurn, Berlin / Regensburg 1973, ISBN 3-87537-008-2 (Merseburger GmbH), ISBN 3 -7917-0356-0 ( blows ).
- ↑ Das Kindergesangbuch , ed .: Andreas Ebert , Johannes Blohm u. a., Claudius Verlag, Munich, 13th edition, 2018, ISBN 978-3-532-62220-9
Web links
- Hymnal archive and comprehensive hymn book bibliography of the University of Mainz
- Directory of Protestant German-language hymn books
- Hymn books in Württemberg 1524–2002, database ( Memento from November 9, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
- Catholic hymn book of Switzerland, content + food for thought ( Memento from March 28, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- Gesangbuchlieder.de - notation and music files for free download
- Directory of songs in German-language Christian song and hymn books
- gesangbuch-online.de - Extensive collection of songs from the Evangelical Hymnal and the Praise of God
- Mennonite hymn book
- Kurt Karrenberg: The Brothers' Song Collections (PDF; 64 kB) 1962
- APWiki.de - hymn book directory of the apostolic denominations , z. B. the New Apostolic Church, including a list of songs