Hybosoridae
| Hybosoridae | ||||||||||||
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Illustration of Hybosorus roei |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Hybosoridae | ||||||||||||
| Erichson , 1847 |
Hybosoridae is a family of beetles within the superfamily Scarabaeoidea .
features
Beetle
The beetles have a body length of 5.0 to 15.0 millimeters. Their bodies are oval, light brown to black and shiny. The head is not bent down. The front edge of the epipharynx is serrated to saw-shaped in the middle and has a border that ranges from sparse, fine hair to dense, fine hair to sparse, strong hair. Lateral ridges can be formed. The sclerotized areas of the epipharynx ( tormae ) are single, double, or absent. A few species such as Metachaetodus discus have central bristles. The antennae are ten-parted and have a three-part club, the first part of which is cup-shaped and usually encloses the other two parts. The mandibles have a sclerotized base and tip. The latter is usually pointed. The prostheca is formed from small over a series of hairs to a hairy membrane. The genus Hybosorus has a distinct tuft of hair mesially . The basal part of the maxilla (cardo) is expanded horizontally. The lateral stipe has receded and is separated from the median stipe. The latter has grown together with the Para- and Ventrostopes, which in turn have grown together. The galea consists of hairy lobes. The labial and maxillary palps are four-membered, with the exception of the genus Chaetodus , in which the latter are tripartite, and the genus Anaides , in which the former are tripartite. The labium is fused with the mentum and prementum in all species . The wing vein 1Ax-FSc2 is wide and sickle-shaped. The tracheal openings of the abdomen are all functional. The last pair is on the tergite . The male genitals are designed differently and are either symmetrical or asymmetrical. They have a sacculus and a genital capsule , which, however, can be severely regressed in some species. The female genitals have a membranous area on the ninth tergite on the midline. You lack the styli.
Larvae
The body of the larva is curved in a broad C. The thorax and abdominal segments are divided into three folds on the back. Ocelli are not trained. The frontoclypeal suture is present. The antennae are four-parted, but in some genera the last two segments are fused, so that their antennae appear to be three-part. There is a large sensory spot on the last antenna segment that covers approximately half of the segment. Both mandibles have a right-angled keel dorsally. Galea and Lacinia are clearly separated. The larvae have organs on their front and middle legs that they can use to make sounds. The rear legs are not shortened.
distribution
The family is widespread worldwide, but its main area of distribution is in the tropics.
Way of life
The adults of most species are nocturnal and are attracted by light sources. They feed on decomposing meat in the early stages of putrefaction and manure. Several African species are known to be attracted by fresh carrion in large numbers. Hybosorus roei predatory feeds and hunts small insects. Larvae have been found in rotting plant material or in soil. Both they and the adults can create sounds through stridulation. The larvae rub their front legs against the front edge of the epipharynx , which is unique within the Scarabaeoidea .
Taxonomy and systematics
The family includes more than 26 recent and four extinct genera with approximately 230 species. There are 16 genera and more than 40 species in the New World.
The monophyly of the family is based on the following two autapomorphies : In the adults, the wing vein 1Ax-FSc2 is wide and sickle-shaped, and in the larvae, organs for making noise are formed on the front and middle legs. The male genitals and the mouthparts show that the family can be divided into a New World and an Old World group. However, there is also an approach to place the subfamily Dynamopodinae , which is attributed to the scarab beetle family (Scarabaeidae) by Beutel & Leschen (2005) , within the Hybosoridae. The Hybosoridae are related between the Ochodaeidae and Ceratocanthidae or the earth beetles (Trogidae) and the Ceratocanthidae. Several studies have confirmed that the family forms a sister group with the Ceratocanthidae.
supporting documents
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Rolf G. Beutel, Richard AB Leschen: Handbuch der Zoologie - Coleoptera, Beetles, Volume 1: Morphology and Systematics (Archostemata, Adephaga, Myxophaga, Polyphaga partim) . 1st edition. de Gruyter , 2005, ISBN 3-11-017130-9 , p. 383 ff . (English).
literature
- Rolf G. Beutel, Richard AB Leschen: Handbuch der Zoologie - Coleoptera, Beetles, Volume 1: Morphology and Systematics (Archostemata, Adephaga, Myxophaga, Polyphaga partim) . 1st edition. de Gruyter , 2005, ISBN 3-11-017130-9 (English).
