Hyloxalus

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Hyloxalus
Hyloxalus subpunctatus from Colombia

Hyloxalus subpunctatus from Colombia

Systematics
Order : Frog (anura)
Subordination : Neobatrachia
Superfamily : Dendrobatoidea
Family : Poison Dart Frogs (Dendrobatidae)
Subfamily : Hyloxalinae
Genre : Hyloxalus
Scientific name
Hyloxalus
Jiménez de la Espada , 1871

Hyloxalus is a genus of Hyloxalinae, a subfamily of anurans of the family tree dart . The genus includes 60 species thatare native tonorthwestern South America and Panama .

features

Synapomorphies are only known from individual positions of different DNA sequences . The color of the back is mostly cryptic brown, gray or black, only in Hyloxalus azureiventris it is more noticeable. A pale diagonal lateral stripe is present, while a dorsolateral (on the side of the back) and a ventrolateral (on the side of the abdomen) stripe are mostly absent. The skin on the back of the back has a grainy texture. Most species lack webbed toes, but some species also have extensive webs. The third finger of adult males is not swollen. The first finger is shorter than the second. The adhesive discs on the fingers are narrow to moderately extended. There is no median process on the tongue. In the larvae, the covering of the cloaca has a right-hand position and the mouth disc is not umbrella-shaped. The animals do not secrete lipophilic alkaloids . The chromosome number is 2n = 24. The testes of most species are unpigmented. The throat has no dark band.

distribution

Hyloxalinae are found along the Pacific coast from Panama to Peru , in the Andes from Venezuela to Peru, in the eastern foothills of the Andes from Bolivia to Venezuela and in the upper Amazon basin .

Way of life

The Hyloxalinae are terrestrial, diurnal inhabitants of the tropical rainforest . The tadpoles are transported on their backs by adult animals of both sexes. They grow on the bottom in standing or flowing water.

Hazard and protection

In the Red List of Threatened Species of IUCN extends the classification of species of the genus hyloxalus of Least Concern (Least Concern) to Critically Endangered (an endangered species). Insufficient data are available for a number of species.

Systematics and taxonomy

The genus Hyloxalus or the subfamily Hyloxalinae represents the sister group of the Dendrobatinae within the poison dart frogs and is therefore more closely related to them than to the Colostethinae . The classification of Hyloxalus in the rank of its own, initially monotypical subfamily was made, among other things, to differentiate it typologically from the strikingly colored, poisonous representatives of the subfamily Dendrobatinae. In addition, Hyloxalus had become extensive with the inclusion of numerous additional species that had been included in the genus Colostethus in the past . The descriptors of the subfamily Hyloxalinae therefore discuss the possibility of splitting off two monophyletic groups as separate genera from Hyloxalus , but initially forego this because the remaining group would have been paraphyletic . The subfamily Hyloxalinae included the genera Ectopoglossus , Hyloxalus and Paruwrobates in 2017 .

species

The genus includes 60 species.

As of April 11, 2019

Hyloxalus craspedoceps (Duellman, 2004) was transferred from the genus Allobates in the family Aromobatidae to the genus Hyloxalus in 2009 . Hyloxalus argyrogaster (Morales & Schulte, 1993) now belongs to Colostethus . In 2017 Hyloxalus whymperi (Boulenger, 1882) was transferred to the re-established genus Paruwrobates .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Taran Grant, Darrel R. Frost, JP Caldwell, R. Gagliardo, Celio FB Haddad, PJR Kok, DB Means, BP Noonan, WE Schargel, William C. Wheeler: Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae). In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 299, 2006. PDF online
  2. ^ Hyloxalus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870 . Darrel Frost and The American Museum of Natural History. 2011. Archived from the original on April 25, 2013. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved November 24, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / research.amnh.org
  3. ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  4. ↑ a b Taran Grant, Marco Rada, Marvin Anganoy-Criollo, Abel Batista, Pedro Henrique Dias, Adriana Moriguchi Jeckel, Denis Jacob Machado, José Vicente Rueda-Almonacid: Phylogenetic Systematics of Dart-Poison Frogs and Their Relatives Revisited (Anura: Dendrobatoidea ).
  5. ↑ Juan Carlos Santos, LA Coloma, K. Summers, JP Caldwell, R. Ree & DC Cannatella: Amazonian amphibian diversity is primarily derived from late Miocene Andean lineages. PLoS Biology, 7, 3, 2009
  6. ↑ AR Acosta-Galvis & MA Vargas Ramírez: A new species of Hyloxalus Jiménez De La Espada, 1871 '' 1870 '' (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from a cloud forest near Bogotá, Colombia, with comments on the subpunctatus clade. Vertebrate Zoology, Senckenberg, 68, pp. 123-141, 2018
  7. ^ A b Mónica I. Páez-Vacas, Luis A. Coloma & Juan Carlos Santos: Systematics of the Hyloxalus bocagei complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae), description of two new cryptic species, and recognition of H. maculosus. Zootaxa, 2711, pp. 1-73, 2010
  8. ↑ AR Acosta-Galvis & A. Pinzón: Una nueva rana nodriza (Anura: Dendrobatidae) de los bosques de niebla asociados a la cuenca del Orinoco de Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 19 (Supl 1), pp. 160-190, 2018

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