Allobates

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Allobates
Shiny-thigh tree climber (Allobates femoralis)

Shiny-thigh tree climber ( Allobates femoralis )

Systematics
Order : Frog (anura)
Subordination : Neobatrachia
Superfamily : Dendrobatoidea
Family : Aromobatidae
Subfamily : Allobatinae
Genre : Allobates
Scientific name of the  subfamily
Allobatinae
Grant , et al., 2006
Scientific name of the  genus
Allobates
Zimmermann & Zimmermann , 1988

Allobates is the only genus of the Allobatinae , a subfamily of frogs from the Aromobatidae family . The genus includes more than 50 species thatare native totropical Central and South America.

features

The fourth finger is shortened. The third finger is swollen in sexually mature males. No webbed feet are formed between the first and second or between the second and third toes. On the basal inside of the thighs there is a pale spot on the side of the cloaca . The side stripe that runs diagonally from the crook of the hip to over the eyes is diffuse. The males' abdomen is free or almost free of pigment cells and therefore appears pale. Palatine bones are missing.

Geographical distribution

Representatives of the genus Allobates can be found in the tropical belt of Central and South America and on the Lesser Antilles . Most species are found east of the Andes in the Amazon basin and the Guyanas . Their distribution area extends over Brazil , Bolivia , Peru , Ecuador , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname and French Guiana . A. chalcopis occurs in Martinique . A. talamancae is widespread in the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador and Colombia, as well as in Central America to southern Nicaragua .

Way of life

The species from the genus Allobates are diurnal inhabitants of the tropical rainforest . Some representatives only occur in the immediate vicinity of bodies of water, while others are further away from it. The tadpoles are transported on their backs by adults, usually either only by the males or by both sexes. In A. talamancae , on the other hand, only the females transport tadpoles on their backs, and in A. nidicola this behavior does not occur at all. The tadpoles typically grow on the bottom in standing or flowing water. Only in A. femoralis do they grow in Phytotelmata on plants, which, however, also grow close to the ground.

Hazard and protection

In the Red List of Threatened Species of IUCN 46 of 50 species are currently recognized, although at 23 types of the data material is insufficient. The remaining 23 species are classified from Least Concern to Critically Endangered . The Colombian species A. juanii was last sighted in 2002 and is considered critically endangered. A. femoralis and A. zaparo are listed in Appendix II of the Washington Convention .

Taxonomy

The subfamily Allobatinae was re-established together with the family Aromobatidae . It represents the sister group of the Aromobatinae within the Aromobatidae , so it is phylogenetically more closely related to them than to the subfamily Anomaloglossinae . In the first description, only two subfamilies, Anomaloglossinae and Aromobatinae, were initially mentioned in the final classification of the Aromobatidae and described as sister groups. However, this was followed by the description of the third subfamily Allobatinae, which is also referred to as the sister group of the Aromobatinae, which is a contradiction. This indicates that the authors originally wanted to include the genus Allobates among the Aromobatinae and only later incorporated their classification as a separate subfamily Allobatinae into the text.

species

In the past, a large part of the species was assigned to the genera Colostethus and Epipedobates from the tree dart frog family . Due to the taxonomic integration of these species, Allobates has grown into a species-rich genus that is morphologically , genetically and ethologically diverse. Although their monophyly has been well documented, the descriptors of the Allobatinae therefore consider a future division into several genera. At the end of January 2013, 47 species of the genus Allobates were validly described. In 2013, Allobates amissibilis , a thumbnail- sized species from the Iwokrama Forest Reserve in Guyana, was added; in September 2013, Allobates flaviventris from the Brazilian state of Acre was described. Also in Brazil, on the Rio Tapajós in the state of Pará , is Allobates magnussoni , a species of Allobates that was described in December 2014. Through the amalgamation of the species Allobates sumtuosus ( Morales , 2002) and Allobates spumaponens ( Kok & Ernst , 2007) as well as the first descriptions of Allobates tapajos in 2015 and Allobates bacurau in 2016 and Allobates juami and Allobates tinae in 2018 and ultimately with A. . carajas and A. nunciatus in 2019 are now 55 species known. In 2020 the new style came A. pacaas added and A. alessandroi was in the related genus Hylaxalus transferred

As of April 24, 2020

Allobates olfersioides
Allobates talamancae
Allobates talamancae
Allobates trilineatus
Allobates zaparo

Subfamily Allobatinae Grant , Frost , Caldwell , Gagliardo , Haddad , Kok , Means , Noonan , Schargel & Wheeler , 2006

The four species from the forests of the Atlantic coast of eastern Brazil, Allobates alagoanus ( Bokermann , 1967) , Allobates capixaba ( Bokermann , 1967) , Allobates carioca ( Bokermann , 1967) and Allobates olfersioides ( Lutz , 1925) , were combined under the name of the latter in 2007 because they are probably variants of the same species and there were no clear distinguishing features. Allobates craspedoceps ( Duellman , 2004) was transferred to the genus Hyloxalus in the family Dendrobatidae in 2009 . Allobates rufulus ( Gorzula , 1990) was placed in the genus Anomaloglossus in 2011 .

Allobates alessandroi ( Grant & Rodriguez , 2001) was placed in the genus Hyloxalus as Hyloxalus alessandroi in 2020 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e T. Grant, DR Frost, JP Caldwell, R. Gagliardo, CFB Haddad, PJR Kok, DB Means, BP Noonan, WE Schargel, Ward C. Wheeler: Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae). In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 299, 2006. ( digitallibrary.amnh.org PDF).
  2. ↑ Allobatinae Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel, and Wheeler, 2006 . Darrel Frost and The American Museum of Natural History. 1998-2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
  3. ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
  4. ↑ CITES . www.cites.org. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
  5. ^ Unknown poison dart frog in Guiana . n-tv Wissen, Lost and Found No. 1206, from July 19, 2013, accessed on February 6, 2015.
  6. ↑ a b c Paulo R. Melo-Sampaio, Ivan Prates, Pedro LV Peloso, Renato Recoder, Francisco Dal Vechio, Sergio Marques-Souza & Miguel T. Rodrigues: A new nurse frog from Southwestern Amazonian highlands, with notes on the phylogenetic affinities of Allobates alessandroi (Aromobatidae). Journal of Natural History, 2020 doi: 10.1080 / 00222933.2020.1727972
  7. ^ Philippe JR Kok, Monique Hölting, Raffael Ernst: A third microendemic to the Iwokrama Mountains of central Guyana: a new "cryptic" species of Allobates Zimmerman and Zimmerman, 1988 (Anura: Aromobatidae). In: Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 2013, doi: 10.1007 / s13127-013-0144-4 .
  8. ↑ Pedro Ivo Simões: A new species of nurse-frog (Aromobatidae, Allobates) from the Madeira River basin with a small geographic range. In: Zootaxa. 4083, 4, 2016, pp. 501-525.
  9. ↑ Pedro Ivo imões, Diana Rojas & Albertina Pimentel Lima: A name for the nurse-frog (Allobates, Aromobatidae) of Floresta Nacional de Carajás, Eastern Brazilian Amazonia. Zootaxa 4550, 2019, pp. 71-100, doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa.4550.1.3 .
  10. ↑ Paulo Roberto Melo-Sampaio, Moisés Barbosa de Souza, Pedro Luiz Vieira Peloso: A new, riparian, species of Allobates Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 1988 (Anura: Aromobatidae) from southwestern Amazonia. Zootaxa, 3716, 2013, pp. 336–348, doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa.3716.3.2 ,
  11. ↑ Pedro Ivo Simões, Marcelo José Sturaro, Pedro Luís Vieira Peloso, Albertina P. Lima: A new diminutive species of Allobates Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 1988 (Anura, Aromobatidae) from the northwestern Rio Madeira — Rio Tapajós interfluve, Amazonas, Brazil. In: Zootaxa. 3609, 3, January 30, 2013, pp. 251-273.
  12. Jump up ↑ Marvin Anganoy-Criollo: A new species of Allobates (Anura, Dendrobatidae) from the western flank of the Serranía de Perijá¡, Colombia. In: Zootaxa. 3308, 2012, pp. 49-62.
  13. ↑ Pedro Ivo Simões, G. Gagliardi-Urrutia, FJM Rojas-Runjaic, S. Castroviejo-Fisher: A new species of nurse-frog (Aromobatidae, Allobates) from the Juami River basin, northwestern Brazilian Amazonia. In: Zootaxa, 4387, 2018, pp. 109-133.
  14. ↑ Albertina Pimentel Lima, Pedro Ivo Simôes, Ígor Luis Kaefer: A new species of Allobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from the Tapajós River basin, Pará State, Brazil. In: Zootaxa. 3889, 3, December 2014, pp. 355-387, doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa.3889.3.2 .
  15. ↑ Leandro João Carneiro de Lima Moraes, Dante Pavan & Albertina Pimentel Lima: A new nurse frog of Allobates masniger-nidicola complex (Anura, Aromobatidae) from the east bank of Tapajós River, eastern Amazonia. Zootaxa 4648, 3, 2019, pp. 401-434, doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa.4648.3.1 .
  16. ↑ Pedro Ivo Simôes, Igor Luis Kaefer, Izeni Pires Farias, Albertina Pimentel Lima: An integrative appraisal of the diagnosis and distribution of Allobates sumtuosus (Morales, 2002) (Anura, Aromobatidae). In: Zootaxa. 3746, 3, 2013, pp. 401-421, doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa.3746.3.1 .
  17. ↑ Allobates. In: DahmsTierleben.
  18. ↑ Vanessa K. Verdade, Miguel T. Rodrigues: Taxonomic Review of Allobates (Anura, Aromobatidae) from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. In: Journal of Herpetology. 41, 4, 2007, pp. 566-580.
  19. ↑ Juan Carlos Santos, LA Coloma, K. Summers, JP Caldwell, R. Ree, DC Cannatella: Amazonian amphibian diversity is primarily derived from late Miocene Andean lineages. In: PLoS Biology. 7, 3, 2009.
  20. ↑ César Luis Barrio-Amorós, Juan Carlos Santos: Redescription and generic assignation of Dendrobates rufulus Gorzula, 1990 (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Chimantá Massif, Venezuela. In: Salamandra. 47, 3, German Society for Herpetology and Terrarium Science eV, 2011, pp. 155–160.

Web links

Commons : Allobates  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files