Magnesium deficiency

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Classification according to ICD-10
E61 Deficiency of other trace elements
E61.2 Magnesium deficiency
E83 Disorders of mineral metabolism
E83.4 Magnesium
metabolism disorders Hypermagnesaemia
Hypomagnesaemia
ICD-10 online (WHO version 2019)

When magnesium deficiency is called a lack of magnesium in the body decrease in magnesium concentration in the blood, in the jargon also hypomagnesemia called. Magnesium deficiency can occur for a number of reasons. Magnesium is vital for humans. It is involved in many metabolic processes.

Causes of Magnesium Deficiency

Magnesium deficiency results from insufficient intake with food, from reduced absorption in the intestine or from excessive excretion via the kidneys and skin.

Possible causes of a magnesium deficiency also include

  • one-sided diets (diets),
  • Insufficient food intake (especially in old age) or
  • increased need as a result of exertion, stress, sport and pregnancy.

The possible causes of a magnesium deficiency also include genetic causes that impair the absorption mechanism ( magnesium absorption ) in the intestine or the magnesium re-absorption (reabsorption) in the kidneys.

The secondary causes include various diseases that contribute to a worsening of the magnesium balance in the body:

Various drugs also affect the magnesium balance (e.g. water-boosting agents ( diuretics ), antibiotics , chemotherapeutic agents and proton pump inhibitors ).

99% of magnesium is localized intracellularly. This means that the measured blood level does not adequately reflect the body's magnesium pool and explains why an isolated blood level measurement can often neither prove nor disprove a magnesium deficiency (unless there is a case that requires immediate clinical treatment the body's stores are used up, for example through long-term extreme malnutrition or alcoholism).

Effects of magnesium deficiency

Due to the numerous body functions of magnesium, a magnesium deficiency usually causes several symptoms at the same time, so that one speaks of a magnesium deficiency syndrome (also known as hypomagnesaemia syndrome). The complex symptoms include:

Magnesium deficiency or tetanic syndrome (magnesium deficiency tetany) is a very serious disease. The manifestations of tetanic syndrome change with age:

Infancy and toddler age

In infancy and toddler age there are birth complications, slight failure to thrive, susceptibility to infection, increased tendency to cramp (dental and febrile cramps) and delayed teeth.

School age

In school children there are concentration and sleep disorders, nervousness, abdominal pain and headaches, collapse states, muscle cramps from around the age of 10, feelings of oppression and shortness of breath symptoms of magnesium deficiency from around the age of 15. Girls often have a late menstrual period and menstrual pain (menstrual cramps); sometimes the cycle duration is also changed.

Adulthood

In adulthood, rapid exhaustion, increased need for sleep, anxiety, depression, muscle cramps (in the calf muscles, in the vascular and intestinal muscles), headaches, migraines (diffuse and / or migraine-like headaches are the rule), unexplained upper abdominal complaints and colic occur. From around the age of 30, there are typical tetanic cramps (paws) and from around the age of 40 there are also neurological failures, so-called transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), which lead to a temporary lack of oxygen in the brain.

The muscle weakness is often much more stressful for the patient than the muscle cramps. The classic tetanic seizure, i.e. H. the persistent cramping of the body including the lip muscles (“carp mouth”) occurs in a maximum of 20% of patients.

Women are prone to pregnancy complications such as vomiting, edema, urinary protein, high blood pressure (preeclampsia and eclampsia) and miscarriages.

ADD / ADHD and magnesium deficiency

ADD (see also: attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder ) and magnesium deficiency sometimes have overlapping symptoms. If ADD is diagnosed and a magnesium deficiency has been proven, therapy with magnesium can improve the symptoms of ADD.

Stroke and magnesium deficiency

In a meta-analysis that included seven prospective studies with a total of 241,378 participants, there was a slightly statistically significant association between magnesium intake and ischemic stroke . The relative risk decreased by 8 percent with a daily intake of 100 mg magnesium. In cerebral hemorrhage ( intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage ), this relationship did not exist.

Frequency of magnesium deficiency

According to nutritional studies, 10 to 20% of the population can be expected to have a latent magnesium deficiency. If the healthy body has its regulatory mechanisms fully available, the intestine can absorb magnesium very effectively and the kidneys can absorb magnesium extremely effectively, so that the magnesium balance is just about balanced.

In contrast to this, around 20% of patients in intensive care units have a low level of magnesium in their blood levels (a so-called hypomagnesaemia). Hypomagnesaemia is also found in 11% of cases in adolescents. In relation to the number of visitors to a general practice, the rate is around 7%.

A genetic magnesium deficiency is estimated to occur in 0.1 to 1% of the population. In these cases, the body's own regulatory mechanisms are no longer or only insufficiently able to have a balancing effect. Therefore, the magnesium intake must be increased significantly, for which magnesium-containing food supplements or magnesium-containing medicines (600 to 1200 mg per day) can be used.

Prophylaxis and treatment

Usually the magnesium deficiency syndrome, the tetanic syndrome or the magnesium deficiency is diagnosed by a doctor. Magnesium deficiency can be prevented through a balanced diet. However, since competitive athletes, for example, excrete more magnesium, an additional intake "above the regularly recommended 350 mg per day" can be useful. However, muscle cramps are not necessarily due to lack of electrolytes; they can also be the result of incorrect loading.

Veterinary medicine

In cattle , feeding-related magnesium deficiency leads to the disease of pasture tetany .

botany

In plants, a lack of magnesium leads to chlorosis .

literature

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  • R. Fehlinger: Therapy with magnesium salts in neurological diseases. In: Magnes. Bulletin , 12, 1990, pp. 35-42.
  • R. Fehlinger: On the familiarity of the tetanic syndrome - a casuistic contribution. In: Magnes. Bulletin , 13, 1991, pp. 53-57.
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Web links

Individual evidence

  1. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Low magnesium levels can be associated with long-term use of Proton Pump Inhibitor drugs (PPIs). FDA.gov, accessed November 8, 2017 .
  2. D.-H. Liebscher, UC Liebscher; Magnesium deficiency tetany - a congenital magnesium loss disease; kidney and hypertension diseases; 2010 May; 209-219.
  3. ^ Frank Häßler, Alexander Dück, Olaf Reis, Johannes Buchmann: "Alternative" pharmacological therapies in ADHD. In: Psychopharmacotherapy. 14, 2007, pp. 229-236.
  4. D.-H. Liebscher, K. Baerlocher, H.-G. Classen, UC Liebscher, G.-W. Ratzmann, W. Vierling, A. Weigert, K. Kisters: Magnesium deficiency and therapy in ADHD. In: Kidney and Hypertension Diseases. 40, 3, May 2011, pp. 123-128.
  5. ^ SC Larsson, N. Orsini, A. Wolk: Dietary magnesium intake and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. In: The American journal of clinical nutrition. Volume 95, Number 2, February 2012, pp. 362-366, ISSN  1938-3207 . doi: 10.3945 / ajcn.111.022376 . PMID 22205313 .
  6. ^ J. Durlach: Recommended dietary amounts of magnesium: Mg RDA. In: Magnes Res. 2, 1989, pp. 195-203.
  7. Waldemar Bobkowski, Agnieszka Nowak, Jean Durlach: The importance of magnesium status in the pathophysiology of mitral valve prolapse. In: Magnesium Research. Volume 18, Number 1, March 2005, pp. 35-52.
  8. D.-H. Liebscher, UC Liebscher: Magnesium deficiency tetany - a congenital magnesium loss disease. In: Kidney and Hypertension Diseases. 39, 5, May 2010, pp. 214/215.
  9. SB Eaton, SB Eaton III: Paleolithic vs. modern diets - selected pathophysiological implications. In: Eur J Nutr. 39, 2000, pp. 67-70.
  10. D.-H. Liebscher, DE Liebscher: Undersupply and incorrectly supplied patients with magnesium deficiency. In: M. Anke u. a .: bulk and trace elements. 23rd Jena Workshop 2006. Schubert Verlag, 2006, pp. 661–667.
  11. HF Schimatschek, HG Classen: Nutrition study of the University of Hohenheim. In: Magnesium Bulletin. 15, 1993, pp. 85-104.
  12. HF Schimatschek, HG Classen, K. Baerlocher, HP Thöni: The pediatrician. 28, 1997, pp. 196-203.
  13. Christoph Raschka, Stephanie Rufs: Sports nutrition. In: Current nutritional medicine. Volume 38, No. 5, 2013, pp. 362–378, (here: p. 370), doi: 10.1055 / s-0033-1349460 , (full text) (PDF)