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The following tables list some of the many Indo-European words and roots with equations (or word equations ) in the major branches of the Indo-European language family .
people
idg.
heth.
ai.
av.
gr.
lat.
toch. (B)
got.
ais.
ahd.
ae.
no.
nhd.
air.
ky.
lit.
aksl.
poor.
silly
person
* (dʰ) g̑ʰémōn - / - on - / - n-; * (dʰ) g̑ʰmṓn- etc.
homo
śaumo
guma "man"
gumi
gomo
guma
groom 'groom, groom'
Bride gam
duine
dyn
žmuõ
man
* h₂n-ḗr- / h₂n-ér- / h₂n-r-´
nár-
nar-
ἀνήρ (anḗr)
Nerō (male name)
Njǫrðr (god's name)
nerth
nêr "hero"
nóras "will"
ayr
njeri "human"
man
* wi-ró-; iir. and lit. * wī-ró-
vīrá-
vīra-
vir
we "young"
waír
verr
who; who (old) "world"
who; weor (old) "world"
wor (ld) "manhood"
Who (wolf) , We [r] (lt)
fer
gwr
výras
woman
* gʷén-eh₂- / gʷon-éh₂- / gʷn-éh₂-; * gʷḗn-i-
* kuu̯an-
jániḥ, jánī
gǝnā, γnā, ǰaini-
γυνή (gunḗ), μνα̅́- (mnā́)
śana
qēns ~ qinō
kvæn ~ kona
quena
cwēn ~ cwene
† quean ~ queen 'queen'
Quan
ben
benyw "female"
žmoná
žena
kin
Relationships
idg.
heth.
ai.
av.
gr.
lat.
toch. (B)
got.
ais.
ahd.
ae.
no.
nhd.
air.
ky.
lit.
aksl.
poor.
silly
mother
* meh₂tér-
mātár-
mātar-
μήτηρ (mḗtēr)
māter
mācer
móðir
muoter
mōdor
mother
mother
máthir
modryb "aunt"
mótina; (motė "woman")
mati
mayr
motër "sister"
father
* ph₂tér-
pitár-
pitcher
πατήρ (patḗr)
Father
pācer
fadar
faðir
fater
fæder
father
father
athir
edryd "home"
hayr
Brothers
* bʰréh₂tor-
bhrā́tar-
brātar-
φράτωρ (phrā́tōr)
frāter
procer
brōþar
bróðir
bruoder
brōþor
brother
Brothers
bráth (a) ir
brawd
brõlis; (broterỹstė, brotherhood ')
roast
ełbayr
sister
* swésor-
svásar-
x ̌aŋhar-
ἔορ (archaic)
soror
ṣer
swistar
systir
swester
sweostor
sister
sister
siur
chwaer
sesuõ
sestra
kʿoyr
vajzë "girl"
daughter
* dʰugh₂-tér-; heth. * dʰwégh₂-tr-
duttarii̯ata / i- ( Luwish )
duhitár-
dugədar-
θυγάτηρ (thugátēr)
futír ( Oskish )
tkācer
daúhtar
dóttir
tohter
dohtor
daughter
daughter
duxtir ( Gallic )
duktė, dukrà
dšter-
dowstr
son
* su-nú-, * su-yú-; iir. and bsl. * sū-nú-
sūnú-
hūnuš
υἱός (huiós), archaic υἱύς (huiús)
soyä
sunus
sunr
sunu
sunu
son
son
suth "offspring"
hogyn "boy"
sūnùs
synŭ
ustr
Nephew / grandson / descendant
* népōt / népot-
nápāt-
napāt-
νέποδες (népodes)
nepos
nefi
nevo
nefa
nephew
nephew
nia
nai
nep (u) otis ( Old Lithuanian )
netijĭ
nip
brother in law
* dā / aywḗr-; * dā / aywér-
devár-
lēvar ( Pashtu ) / ēvar ( Persian )
δαήρ (dāḗr)
lēvir
zeihhur
tācor
mhd. sign
díeveris
dĕverĭ
day
daughter in law
* snus-ó-s
snuṣā́-
suna ( Persian )
nuós
nurus
nu
snor
snura
snoru
(obsolete :) cord
snŭcha
nu
nuse "bride"
mother-in-law
* swek̑rū́-
śvaśrū́-
xvasura
hekurā́
socrus
swaίhrō
sværa
swehur
swehor
In-law
chwegr
šẽšura's "father-in-law"
svekry
skesur
vjehërr
Pronouns
idg.
heth.
ai.
av.
gr.
lat.
toch. (B)
got.
ais.
ahd.
ae.
no.
nhd.
air.
ky.
lit.
aksl.
poor.
silly
I
* égh₂
ūk
ahám
azǝm
egṓ, egṓn
ego
ñuk
ik
ek
ih
ic̣
I.
I
àš
azŭ
it
unë
me
* h₁mé-
ammuk
mām
mąm
emé, me
mē (d)
mik
mik
mē (c̣)
me
me
me-sse, mé
mi "I"
manè
mę
is
më
me (date)
* h₁még̑ʰi
ammuk
mahya (m)
maibya
moi
mihi
mis
mér
mē
me
me
-m- (infix)
man
inj
from me
* h₁méme-
mummy
mana
emeĩo
meī
ñi
mine
minn
mīn
my, mine
my
fyn
mana (s)
mene
in the
mua, mue
my
* h₁m-ó-
miš
mummy
ma
emós
meus
ñi
meina
minn
mīn
my, mine
my
fyn
màno
moj
in the
meje
you
* tú
zik
t (u) vám
tū
sú (dor. tú)
tū
t (u) we
þu
þú
you
þū
thou
you
tū, tu-ssu
ti
tù
ty
you
ti
we
* wéy
wēš
vay-ám
vaēm
hēm-
wes
know
vít
wē
we
we
(dial.) vẽdu, vẽdvi “both of us”; mès "we"
vě "we both"
us
* n̥s-mé, encl. * nos
ansāš, enkl. naš
asmān, encl. close
ahma, encl. nǝ̄, nā̊, nō
nos
us
oss
ūs
us
us
ni
ni, ny
(dial.) nuõdu “we both”; nōuson ( old Prussian )
well "we both", nas "us"
well, no "we"
her (2nd person nom. pl.)
* yū́
yūyám
yūžǝm, yūš
hum-
yes
jūs
he
gē
ye
sī, sissi
chwi
jũs
vy
ju
you (2nd person acc./Dat.Pl.)
* us-wé, * us-mé, encl. * wos
šumeš
yuṣmā́n, encl. vas
yūšmat̃, encl. vā̊
hum-, aeol. úmme
vōs "her"
izwis
ēow
you
to you
uai-b ("from you")
vas
u
himself (refl. pron.)
* s (w) e-
lyd. s'fa-, kar. sfes
sva-
hva-
hé
sē
swes
sik
sih
seolf
self
themselves
fine
sava (s)
svoji
inkʿs
vetë
what (relative / interrogative pron.)
* kʷíd, kʷód
kuit
kím
tí, tì
quid, quod
ƕa
hvat
hwæt
what
What
cid
kàd “that; in order to"
čь-to
i
si
who (Relativ./Interrog. Pron.)
* kʷís, kʷós, kʷéy / kʷóy
kuiš
káḥ, kíḥ
kō, čiš
tís, tìs
quis, quī
kuse
ƕas
hvar
(h) who
hwā
who
who
cia
pwy
cheese
kъ-to
о
kë
Neg part.
* n̥-
a-, an-
a-, an-
a-, an-
in-
a (n) -, am-, e (n) -, em-, on-
U.N-
ú-
U.N-
U.N-
U.N-
in-, ē-, an-
on-
no-
no-
on-
Numerals
idg.
heth.
ai.
av.
gr.
lat.
toch. (B)
got.
ais.
ahd.
ae.
no.
nhd.
air.
ky.
lit.
aksl.
poor.
silly
one, together
* sém-
samá- "any"
hama- "any, all"
heĩs, hén, mía * sém-s, * sém, * sm-iy-éh₂
sem-el "once", sim-plex "simple", sin-gulī "individually", sem-per "always"
ṣe
(sa) sama "the same"
samr, saman
(the) samo, saman, (zi) samane
same
(the) same
(together
samlith "at the same time"
hafal "similar"
sam-, są- "with"
samŭ "one, alone"
mi "one" * sm-iyó-; ez "one" * sém-g̑ʰo-
gjithë "all" * sém-k̑o-
1
* óy-no-s, óy-wo-s, óy-ko-s
ḗka-
aēva-
oĩnos
ūnus
ains
an
a
on
one
one)
ōen
U.N
víenas
inŭ
një
2
* dwóh₁
there-
dvā́ (u)
dva
duo
duo <duō
wi
twái
tveir / tvær
two, two
twā
two
two
there
last
you
dŭva
exploring
dy
3
* tréyes; heth. teri-
teri-; luw. tarri-
tráyaḥ
ϑrayō, ϑrayas
treĩs
trēs
trai
þreis
þrír
dri
þrīe
three
three
trí
tri
trỹs
trĭje
erekʿ
tre
4th
* kʷetwóres
masc. catvā́raḥ, neut. catvā́ri, fem. cátasraḥ
masc. čaϑwārō, fem. čataŋrō
téssares
quattuor
śtwer
fidwor
fjórir
fior
fēower
four
four
ceth (a) ir
pedwar
keturì
četyre
čʿorkʿ
Male cat
5
* pénkʷe
páñca
panča
pénte
quinque
piś
fimf
fim (m)
fimf
fīf
five
five
cóic
pum (p)
penkì
pętĭ
hung
pesë
6th
* swék̑s
ṣáṣ
xšvaš
héx
sex
ṣkas
sáihs
sex
see
siex
six
six
sé
change
šešì
šestĭ
vecʿ
gjashtë
7th
* septḿ̥
šipta-
saptá
hapta
heptá
septem
ṣukt
sibun
sjau
sibun
seofon
seven
seven
real
saith
septynì
sedmĭ
ewtʿn
shtatë
8th
* h₁ok̑tṓ (w)
aṣṭā́ (u)
ašta
oct
octō
oct
ahtáu
átta
ahto
eahta
eight
eight
ocht
wyth
aštuonì
osmĭ
utʿ
tetë
9
* (h₁?) néwn̥
náva
nava
ennéa
novem
ñu
niun
níu
nium
nigon
nine
nine
noí
naw
devynì
devętĭ
inn / in .n
nëntë
10
* dék̑m̥ (t)
the A
the A
déka
decem
śak
taíhun
tíu
zehan
tien
th
ten
dyke
deg, deng
dẽšimt
desętĭ
tasn
dhjetë
20th
* (d) wī́k̑m̥̥tih₁ "two tens"
viṁśatí
vīsaiti
eíkosi
vīgintī
ikäṃ
tuttugu
double move
twenty
twenty
twenty
foiche
ugain
kʿsan
zet
100
* (d) k̑m̥-tó-m
śatám
satǝm
he-katón
centum
edge
hunda
dog wheel
hunt
dog-red
hundred
hundred
cét
can (t)
šim̃tas
sŭto
qind
parts of the body
idg.
heth.
ai.
av.
gr.
lat.
toch. (B)
got.
ais.
ahd.
ae.
no.
nhd.
air.
ky.
lit.
aksl.
poor.
silly
eye
* h₃ókʷ-
ákṣi
aši
ósse "both eyes"; ómma "eye"
oculus
ek
áugō (Germ. * au- from obliqu. * h₃okʷ-´)
auga
ouga
ēage
eye
eye
enech "face" (also "honor")
enep
akis
eco
akn
sy
heart
* k̑érd-
karz
hṛd
zǝrǝd
kardíā
cor
käryāñ
haírtō
hjarta
herza
heorte
heart
heart
cride
craidd "middle"
širdìs
srŭdĭce
sirt
nose
* nás-
NASA
nāh-, nā̊ŋhan-
nāris
nǫs
NASA
nosu, nasu
nose
nose
nósis
nosŭ
knee
* g̑énu, g̑néws
genu
jā́nu
zānu
gónu
genū
keni
kniu
kné
knio
cnēo
knee
knee
cunr
gju
foot
* pḗd-, * péd-; pṓd-, pod- ´
pata-
pāt
pad-
poús
pēs
pai
fetus
fótr
fuoz
fōt
foot
foot
me. ed "gait"
gall. goodbye
pėdà
pěšǐ "on foot"
otn
poshtë "under"
tooth
* h₁d-ént- / h₁d-ónt- / h₁d-ń̥t-
Dan
dantan-
odṓn
dēns
doþus
tǫn
zan (d)
tōþ
tooth
tooth
dét
dant
dantìs
Russian десна [desná] "gums"
atamn
bone
* h₂óst-
ḫaštāi-
ásthi
ast-, asti-
ostéon
os
B āy, pl. āsta
asil, asna "rib"
ases "id."
okr
asht (ë)
blood
* h₁ésh₂-r̥, Gen. * h₁sh₂-én-s
ēšḫar, Gen. išḫanas
ásr̥k, ásr̥t, Gen. asnáḥ
éar, eíar, ẽar, gen. eíaros
aser, asser (archaic)
yasar
lett.asins
ariun
tongue
* dn̥g̑ʰúh₂-, * dn̥g̑ʰwéh₂-
jihvā́
hizvā
lingua (arch. dingua)
käntwo
tuggō
tunga
zunga
tunge
tongue
tongue
tengae
tafod
liežùvis
językŭ
lezu
Cheek / chin
* g̑énu, g̑néws
hánu-ṣ
zānu-
genus
gena
śanwem (A) "jaw"
kinnus
chin
kinni
c̣inn
chin
chin
gi (u) n
gene
žándas "jaw"
ear
* h₂éws- / h₂óws- / h₂us-´
uši
oũs
auris
áusō
eyra
ōra
ēare
ear
ear
áu, ó
ausìs
ucho
unkn
vesh
tear
* (d) ák̑ru-
išḫaḫru
áśru
asrū-
dákru
lacrima (arch. dacruma)
akrūna
day
tár
zahar
tēar, tæhher
tear
tear
of the
deigr
ašarà, àšara
artawsr
liver
* yḗkʷr̥, yekʷnés
yákr̥t
yākarǝ
hẽpar, Gen. hḗpatos
iecur, Gen. iec (in) oris
jẽknos, jekanas
ikra "roe"
leard
Animals
idg.
heth.
ai.
av.
gr.
lat.
toch. (B)
got.
ais.
ahd.
ae.
no.
nhd.
air.
ky.
lit.
aksl.
poor.
silly
horse
* h₁ék̑-u-, * h₁ék̑-wo-s
h.-luw. ásu-, k.-luw. * āššu- / * azzu-, lyk. esb-, heth. * ekku-
áśvaḥ
aspa-
híppos
equus
yakwe
aíƕa- (only as a compound word)
jór
eoh
eh
ebol
ašvà
Beef
* gʷṓw-s, Gen. * gʷów-s, acc. * gʷṓ-m
lyk. wawa-
gáuḥ
gāuš
boũs
bōs
keu
kýr
kuo
cū
cow
cow
bó
book
lett. gùovs
kov
gak "boar"
sheep
* h₃éw-i-> * h₃ów-i-, toch. (B) * h₃ṓw-i-
heth. ḫāu̯i-, lyk. χawa-
ávi
ó (w) is
ovis
āw
aweþi
ær
ouwi
ēow, ēowu
ewe
Aue
ói
forever
avìs
ovĭ-ca
bear
* h₂ŕ̥tk̑-os
ḫartakk-a-š
ŕ̥kṣ-a-ḥ
arǝš-ō
árkt-os
urs-us
me. art
arth
arǰ
arí
dog
* k̑wṓn- / k̑wón- / k̑un-´
k-
ś (u) vā́
spa
kúōn
canis
ku
dog
Hundr
hunt
dog
hound
dog
cu
ci
šuõ
šun
mouse
* múhs- / mū́s-
mū́ṣ-
mũs
must
mús
must
mouse
mouse
myšĭ
mowk
mi
pig
* sū́- / sú (h?) - / sw-ih₂-nó-
su-karas
hu
hũs, sũs
sūs
suwo
swein
svín "pig", sýr "sow"
swīn
sū
so
Pig, pig
socc
hwch
lett. sivēns, suvẽns "piglet"
thi
wolf
* wÍ̥kʷ-os
ulippana
vŕ̥kaḥ
vǝhrka-
lúkos
lupus
wulfs
ulfr
wulf
wolf
wolf
wolf
vil̃kas
vlĭkŭ
ujk
goose
*goose-
haṁsáḥ
zāō
khḗn
(h) ānser
gas
goose
gōs
goose
goose
géiss
gwydd
žąsìs
gǫsǐ
gatë "heron"
duck
* h₂énh₁t-
ātí-
nẽssa, nãssa, nẽtta
anas
ǫnd
enita
ened
duck
ántis
Soot. утка
rose
Agriculture
idg.
heth.
ai.
av.
gr.
lat.
toch. (B)
got.
ais.
ahd.
ae.
no.
nhd.
air.
ky.
lit.
aksl.
poor.
silly kos
grain
* g̑r̥h₂-nó-
grānum
kaúrn
grain
grain
corn
corn
grain
green
grawn
žìrnis "pea"
zrŭno
grurë
field
* h₂ég̑-ro-s> * h₂ág̑-ro-s (Greek * h₂ag̑-ró-s)
ájraḥ
ἀγρός (agrós)
ager
akrs
akr
ackar, ahhar
æcer
acre
Field
ar (t)
plow
* h₂erh₃-
ḫarra-i "tears open, grinds"
aróō
arō (arāre) "plow", arātrum "plow"
āre "plow"
arjan
erja
erian
me. airim
arddu
ariù "plow", árklas "plow"
orjǫ
araur
milking
* h₂melg̑-
mā́ršti, mā́rjati, mr̥játi
marǝzaiti, mǝrǝzaiti
amélgō
mulgeo
malk-who
miluk-s
mjolk
meolc
milk
milk
bligim
blith "milk"
mélžu
mŭlzu
mjel
grind
* melh₂-
malla-i
mr̥ṇāti, mr̥nati, mármartu "shall crush"
múllō
molō
melye "trample"
at times
mala
melu
meal
grind, flour
melim
malu
malù
meljǫ
paint
miell "flour"
honey
* meli-t, * mel-nés
military
méli
mel
miliþ
mele
mil
mel
mełr
mjaltë
Mead
* médʰu
mádhu
mađu
méthu "wine"
With
midus
mjǫðr
medu
mead
Mead
mid
medd
medùs "honey"
medъ "honey"
salt
* sál-
sal-ilá- "salty"
ἅλς (háls)
sāl
sālyiye
salt
salt
seals
salt
salt
salann
hold
lett. sā̀ls
solǐ
ał
gjollë "salt lick stone"
sow
* seh₁- "sow", * séh₁-mn̥ "seed"
serō
saían
sá
sāmo "seed"
sāwan
so
sow
síl "seeds"
help "seeds"
sė́ju
sějǫ
rain
* sh₂ew "pour"
išḫuu̯ai-i "throws"
hū́ei
su- / swās-
yoke
* yug-ó-m
yugan
yugám
yaoj-, yuj- "harness"
ζεῦγος (zeûgos)
iugum
yokäm "door" (A)
yuk
OK
ġeoc
yoke
yoke
nir. ughaim "I bridle"
iau
jùngas
igo
luc
activities
idg.
heth.
ai.
av.
gr.
lat.
toch. (B)
got.
ais.
ahd.
ae.
no.
nhd.
air.
ky.
lit.
aksl.
poor.
silly
to breathe
* h₂enh₁-
ániti
ā̊ntya
ánemos "wind"
anima "breath"
añiye "breath"
uz-anan
and "breath"
unst "storm"
ōđian "blow", or-ōđ "breath"
anāl "breath"
of yes "smell"
g-nem "incense"
sleep
* swep- "to sleep", * swép-no-s "sleep", Greek * sup-nó-s
šup-, šuppariya-
svápnaḥ "sleep"
xᵛafna- "sleep"
húpnos "sleep"
somnus "sleep"
ṣpans "sleep"
svefn "sleep"
swefan
sūan "sleep"
hun "sleep"
sãpnas "dream"
sŭnŭ "sleep, dream"
kʿun "sleep"
gjumë "sleep"
sweat
* sweyd-
svḗda- "sweat"
xᵛaēda- "sweat"
(e) ĩdos "sweat"
sūdor "sweat"
sveiti
swāt
sweat
sweat
chwys "sweat"
lett. sviêdri "sweat"
kʿirt-n "sweat"
dirsë, djersë "sweat"
eat
* h₁ḗd-, * h₁éd-; poor. * h₁ṓd-
ed-zi
ádmi
aδāiti
édō
edō
itan
eta
ezzan
etan
eat
eat
estir
ys
ė́du
jamĭ
owtem
Ha
drink
* peh₃-
pā-š-i
pā́ti, píbati
pī́nō
bibō
ibid
iben
pijǫ
əmpem
pi
to sing
* can-
kan (áss) ō
canō, cantus, ac-centus; carmen; cicōnia "stork"
kan "melody"
hana "rooster"
hani; hø̄na "hen"
hano; huon
hana
hen "hen"
Cock; chicken
canaid
kánja "Milan" (Russian)
speak
* wékʷ-
vákti, vácas-
vacah-
epos
vocō, vōx
wek
vāttr "testimony"
(gi) wah (anen)
(mention)
foccul
gwaethl
wackītwei "curl" (old Prussian)
gočem
Listen
* k̑léw-
śrávas-, śrómata- "celebrity"
sravah-
kléos
in-clutus, clueō
kalywe
hliuma
hljōþ "loud"
hlūt
hlūd, hlystan
loud, listen
loud, leu (mouth)
cloth
clywed
šlovė̃
slava
luṙ "silent" * k̑lu-s-ri-
braid, carpentry
* teks-
takš-zi "puts together"
ham taxša- (old Persian )
téchnē
texō
þexla "ax"
dehsa (la) "ax"
þeox "spear"
Badger * tóks-u-
give birth
* g̑enh₁-,
jánati
zīzǝnti
gignō "bring out"
can- "come about"
-kunds "born"
child "little child"
child "child"
child
genni "to be born"
cnanim
to grow
* h₂ewg-, h₂weg-
úkṣati
uxšyeiti
aúksō, auksánō
augeō
aukšu "old"
aukan, wahsjan
auka, vaxa
ēacian, weaxan
eke, wax (of the moon)
to grow
for "fat"
gwair "fat"
áugu
Life
* gʷih₃-wó-
jīvá- "living", jīvitam "life"
gayō "life", ǰva- "living"
bíos "life"
vīvus "living"; vīta "life"
śai- "live"
qius "alive"
kvikr "alive"
cwicu "alive"
quick (<ae. cwicu)
Mercury "living silver"
biu "alive"; bethu "life"
byw "alive", bywyd "life"
gývas "living", gyvatà "life"
živŭ "living", žitĭ, životŭ "life"
keam "I live"
to die
* mer-
mer-zi "disappears"
már-a-ti / -tē "dies", mr̥-tá- "dead"
merə-
émorten (aor.) "died", ámbrotos "immortal"
morior
maúrþr "murder"
murder
morþor
murder (<OE morþor)
murder
marb "dead"
marw "dead"
mìrštu
mĭrǫ
meṙanim "die", meṙac "dead"
mërshë "corpse"
Explanations
Abbreviations: idg. = Indo-European original language (reconstructed), heth. = Hittite , h.-luw. = Hieroglyphic Luwish , k.-luw. = Cuneiform Luwisch, lyk. = Lycian , lyd. = Lydian , kar. = Karisch , iir. = Indo-Iranian , ai. = Ancient Indian , av. = Avestian , Greek = ancient Greek , Latin = Latin , toch. (B) = Tocharian B , Got. = Gothic , ais. = Old Icelandic , ahd. = Old High German , ae. = Old English , no. = New English , nhd. = New High German , air. = Old Irish , ky. = Cymrian / Welsh , bsl. = Balto-Slavic , lit. = Lithuanian , aksl. = Old Church Slavonic , poor. = Old Armenian , alb. = Albanian
swell
"Indo-European Vocabulary" in the English language Wikipedia
Indo-European and Germanic word equations by Ernst Kausen
Alwin Kloekhorst: Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Brill Leiden / Boston, 2008, ISBN 978-90-04-16092-7
Smart. Etymological dictionary of the German language. 25th expanded and revised edition, edited by Elmar Seebold. De Gruyter, Berlin and Boston 2011, ISBN 978-3-11-022364-4
Julius Pokorny: Indo-European etymological dictionary. Francke Verlag, Bern / Munich, Volume I, 1959, Volume II 1969, DNB 457827068 .
Individual evidence
↑ “nóras” appears in the Handbook of Old Persian, on page 150
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