List of Indo-European word equations

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The following tables list some of the many Indo-European words and roots with equations (or word equations ) in the major branches of the Indo-European language family .

people

idg. heth. ai. av. gr. lat. toch. (B) got. ais. ahd. ae. no. nhd. air. ky. lit. aksl. poor. silly
person * (dʰ) g̑ʰémōn - / - on - / - n-; * (dʰ) g̑ʰmṓn- etc. homo śaumo guma "man" gumi gomo guma groom 'groom, groom' Bride gam duine dyn žmuõ
man * h₂n-ḗr- / h₂n-ér- / h₂n-r-´ nár- nar- ἀνήρ (anḗr) Nerō (male name) Njǫrðr (god's name) nerth nêr "hero" nóras "will" ayr njeri "human"
man * wi-ró-; iir. and lit. * wī-ró- vīrá- vīra- vir we "young" waír verr who; who (old) "world" who; weor (old) "world" wor (ld) "manhood" Who (wolf) , We [r] (lt) fer gwr výras
woman * gʷén-eh₂- / gʷon-éh₂- / gʷn-éh₂-; * gʷḗn-i- * kuu̯an- jániḥ, jánī gǝnā, γnā, ǰaini- γυνή (gunḗ), μνα̅́- (mnā́) śana qēns ~ qinō kvæn ~ kona quena cwēn ~ cwene † quean ~ queen 'queen' Quan ben benyw "female" žmoná žena kin

Relationships

idg. heth. ai. av. gr. lat. toch. (B) got. ais. ahd. ae. no. nhd. air. ky. lit. aksl. poor. silly
mother * meh₂tér- mātár- mātar- μήτηρ (mḗtēr) māter mācer móðir muoter mōdor mother mother máthir modryb "aunt" mótina;
(motė "woman")		 mati mayr motër "sister"
father * ph₂tér- pitár- pitcher πατήρ (patḗr) Father pācer fadar faðir fater fæder father father athir edryd "home" hayr
Brothers * bʰréh₂tor- bhrā́tar- brātar- φράτωρ (phrā́tōr) frāter procer brōþar bróðir bruoder brōþor brother Brothers bráth (a) ir brawd brõlis;
(broterỹstė, brotherhood ')		 roast ełbayr
sister * swésor- svásar- x ̌aŋhar- ἔορ (archaic) soror ṣer swistar systir swester sweostor sister sister siur chwaer sesuõ sestra kʿoyr vajzë "girl"
daughter * dʰugh₂-tér-; heth. * dʰwégh₂-tr- duttarii̯ata / i- ( Luwish ) duhitár- dugədar- θυγάτηρ (thugátēr) futír ( Oskish ) tkācer daúhtar dóttir tohter dohtor daughter daughter duxtir ( Gallic ) duktė, dukrà dšter- dowstr
son * su-nú-, * su-yú-; iir. and bsl. * sū-nú- sūnú- hūnuš υἱός (huiós), archaic υἱύς (huiús) soyä sunus sunr sunu sunu son son suth "offspring" hogyn "boy" sūnùs synŭ ustr
Nephew / grandson / descendant * népōt / népot- nápāt- napāt- νέποδες (népodes) nepos nefi nevo nefa nephew nephew nia nai nep (u) otis ( Old Lithuanian ) netijĭ nip
brother in law * dā / aywḗr-; * dā / aywér- devár- lēvar ( Pashtu ) / ēvar ( Persian ) δαήρ (dāḗr) lēvir zeihhur tācor mhd. sign díeveris dĕverĭ day
daughter in law * snus-ó-s snuṣā́- suna ( Persian ) nuós nurus nu snor snura snoru (obsolete :) cord snŭcha nu nuse "bride"
mother-in-law * swek̑rū́- śvaśrū́- xvasura hekurā́ socrus swaίhrō sværa swehur swehor In-law chwegr šẽšura's "father-in-law" svekry skesur vjehërr

Pronouns

idg. heth. ai. av. gr. lat. toch. (B) got. ais. ahd. ae. no. nhd. air. ky. lit. aksl. poor. silly
I * égh₂ ūk ahám azǝm egṓ, egṓn ego ñuk ik ek ih ic̣ I. I àš azŭ it unë
me * h₁mé- ammuk mām mąm emé, me mē (d) mik mik mē (c̣) me me me-sse, mé mi "I" manè mę is më
me (date) * h₁még̑ʰi ammuk mahya (m) maibya moi mihi mis mér mē me me -m- (infix) man inj
from me * h₁méme- mummy mana emeĩo meī ñi mine minn mīn my, mine my fyn mana (s) mene in the mua, mue
my * h₁m-ó- miš mummy ma emós meus ñi meina minn mīn my, mine my fyn màno moj in the meje
you * tú zik t (u) vám tū sú (dor. tú) tū t (u) we þu þú you þū thou you tū, tu-ssu ti tù ty you ti
we * wéy wēš vay-ám vaēm hēm- wes know vít wē we we (dial.) vẽdu, vẽdvi “both of us”; mès "we" vě "we both"
us * n̥s-mé, encl. * nos ansāš, enkl. naš asmān, encl. close ahma, encl. nǝ̄, nā̊, nō nos us oss ūs us us ni ni, ny (dial.) nuõdu “we both”; nōuson ( old Prussian ) well "we both", nas "us" well, no "we"
her (2nd person nom. pl.) * yū́ yūyám yūžǝm, yūš hum- yes jūs he gē ye sī, sissi chwi jũs vy ju
you (2nd person acc./Dat.Pl.) * us-wé, * us-mé, encl. * wos šumeš yuṣmā́n, encl. vas yūšmat̃, encl. vā̊ hum-, aeol. úmme vōs "her" izwis ēow you to you uai-b ("from you") vas u
himself (refl. pron.) * s (w) e- lyd. s'fa-, kar. sfes sva- hva- hé sē swes sik sih seolf self themselves fine sava (s) svoji inkʿs vetë
what (relative / interrogative pron.) * kʷíd, kʷód kuit kím tí, tì quid, quod ƕa hvat hwæt what What cid kàd “that; in order to" čь-to i si
who (Relativ./Interrog. Pron.) * kʷís, kʷós, kʷéy / kʷóy kuiš káḥ, kíḥ kō, čiš tís, tìs quis, quī kuse ƕas hvar (h) who hwā who who cia pwy cheese kъ-to о kë
Neg part. * n̥- a-, an- a-, an- a-, an- in- a (n) -, am-, e (n) -, em-, on- U.N- ú- U.N- U.N- U.N- in-, ē-, an- on- no- no- on-

Numerals

idg. heth. ai. av. gr. lat. toch. (B) got. ais. ahd. ae. no. nhd. air. ky. lit. aksl. poor. silly
one, together * sém- samá- "any" hama- "any, all" heĩs, hén, mía * sém-s, * sém, * sm-iy-éh₂ sem-el "once", sim-plex "simple", sin-gulī "individually", sem-per "always" ṣe (sa) sama "the same" samr, saman (the) samo, saman, (zi) samane same (the) same (together samlith "at the same time" hafal "similar" sam-, są- "with" samŭ "one, alone" mi "one" * sm-iyó-; ez "one" * sém-g̑ʰo- gjithë "all" * sém-k̑o-
1 * óy-no-s, óy-wo-s, óy-ko-s ḗka- aēva- oĩnos ūnus ains an a on one one) ōen U.N víenas inŭ një
2 * dwóh₁ there- dvā́ (u) dva duo duo <duō wi twái tveir / tvær two, two twā two two there last you dŭva exploring dy
3 * tréyes; heth. teri- teri-; luw. tarri- tráyaḥ ϑrayō, ϑrayas treĩs trēs trai þreis þrír dri þrīe three three trí tri trỹs trĭje erekʿ tre
4th * kʷetwóres masc. catvā́raḥ, neut. catvā́ri, fem. cátasraḥ masc. čaϑwārō, fem. čataŋrō téssares quattuor śtwer fidwor fjórir fior fēower four four ceth (a) ir pedwar keturì četyre čʿorkʿ Male cat
5 * pénkʷe páñca panča pénte quinque piś fimf fim (m) fimf fīf five five cóic pum (p) penkì pętĭ hung pesë
6th * swék̑s ṣáṣ xšvaš héx sex ṣkas sáihs sex see siex six six sé change šešì šestĭ vecʿ gjashtë
7th * septḿ̥ šipta- saptá hapta heptá septem ṣukt sibun sjau sibun seofon seven seven real saith septynì sedmĭ ewtʿn shtatë
8th * h₁ok̑tṓ (w) aṣṭā́ (u) ašta oct octō oct ahtáu átta ahto eahta eight eight ocht wyth aštuonì osmĭ utʿ tetë
9 * (h₁?) néwn̥ náva nava ennéa novem ñu niun níu nium nigon nine nine noí naw devynì devętĭ inn / in .n nëntë
10 * dék̑m̥ (t) the A the A déka decem śak taíhun tíu zehan tien th ten dyke deg, deng dẽšimt desętĭ tasn dhjetë
20th * (d) wī́k̑m̥̥tih₁ "two tens" viṁśatí vīsaiti eíkosi vīgintī ikäṃ tuttugu double move twenty twenty twenty foiche ugain kʿsan zet
100 * (d) k̑m̥-tó-m śatám satǝm he-katón centum edge hunda dog wheel hunt dog-red hundred hundred cét can (t) šim̃tas sŭto qind

parts of the body

idg. heth. ai. av. gr. lat. toch. (B) got. ais. ahd. ae. no. nhd. air. ky. lit. aksl. poor. silly
eye * h₃ókʷ- ákṣi aši ósse "both eyes"; ómma "eye" oculus ek áugō (Germ. * au- from obliqu. * h₃okʷ-´) auga ouga ēage eye eye enech "face" (also "honor") enep akis eco akn sy
heart * k̑érd- karz hṛd zǝrǝd kardíā cor käryāñ haírtō hjarta herza heorte heart heart cride craidd "middle" širdìs srŭdĭce sirt
nose * nás- NASA nāh-, nā̊ŋhan- nāris nǫs NASA nosu, nasu nose nose nósis nosŭ
knee * g̑énu, g̑néws genu jā́nu zānu gónu genū keni kniu kné knio cnēo knee knee cunr gju
foot * pḗd-, * péd-; pṓd-, pod- ´ pata- pāt pad- poús pēs pai fetus fótr fuoz fōt foot foot me. ed "gait" gall. goodbye pėdà pěšǐ "on foot" otn poshtë "under"
tooth * h₁d-ént- / h₁d-ónt- / h₁d-ń̥t- Dan dantan- odṓn dēns doþus tǫn zan (d) tōþ tooth tooth dét dant dantìs Russian десна [desná] "gums" atamn
bone * h₂óst- ḫaštāi- ásthi ast-, asti- ostéon os B āy, pl. āsta asil, asna "rib" ases "id." okr asht (ë)
blood * h₁ésh₂-r̥, Gen. * h₁sh₂-én-s ēšḫar, Gen. išḫanas ásr̥k, ásr̥t, Gen. asnáḥ éar, eíar, ẽar, gen. eíaros aser, asser (archaic) yasar lett.asins ariun
tongue * dn̥g̑ʰúh₂-, * dn̥g̑ʰwéh₂- jihvā́ hizvā lingua (arch. dingua) käntwo tuggō tunga zunga tunge tongue tongue tengae tafod liežùvis językŭ lezu
Cheek / chin * g̑énu, g̑néws hánu-ṣ zānu- genus gena śanwem (A) "jaw" kinnus chin kinni c̣inn chin chin gi (u) n gene žándas "jaw"
ear * h₂éws- / h₂óws- / h₂us-´ uši oũs auris áusō eyra ōra ēare ear ear áu, ó ausìs ucho unkn vesh
tear * (d) ák̑ru- išḫaḫru áśru asrū- dákru lacrima (arch. dacruma) akrūna day tár zahar tēar, tæhher tear tear of the deigr ašarà, àšara artawsr
liver * yḗkʷr̥, yekʷnés yákr̥t yākarǝ hẽpar, Gen. hḗpatos iecur, Gen. iec (in) oris jẽknos, jekanas ikra "roe" leard

Animals

idg. heth. ai. av. gr. lat. toch. (B) got. ais. ahd. ae. no. nhd. air. ky. lit. aksl. poor. silly
horse * h₁ék̑-u-, * h₁ék̑-wo-s h.-luw. ásu-, k.-luw. * āššu- / * azzu-, lyk. esb-, heth. * ekku- áśvaḥ aspa- híppos equus yakwe aíƕa- (only as a compound word) jór eoh eh ebol ašvà
Beef * gʷṓw-s, Gen. * gʷów-s, acc. * gʷṓ-m lyk. wawa- gáuḥ gāuš boũs bōs keu kýr kuo cū cow cow bó book lett. gùovs kov gak "boar"
sheep * h₃éw-i-> * h₃ów-i-, toch. (B) * h₃ṓw-i- heth. ḫāu̯i-, lyk. χawa- ávi ó (w) is ovis āw aweþi ær ouwi ēow, ēowu ewe Aue ói forever avìs ovĭ-ca
bear * h₂ŕ̥tk̑-os ḫartakk-a-š ŕ̥kṣ-a-ḥ arǝš-ō árkt-os urs-us me. art arth arǰ arí
dog * k̑wṓn- / k̑wón- / k̑un-´ k- ś (u) vā́ spa kúōn canis ku dog Hundr hunt dog hound dog cu ci šuõ šun
mouse * múhs- / mū́s- mū́ṣ- mũs must mús must mouse mouse myšĭ mowk mi
pig * sū́- / sú (h?) - / sw-ih₂-nó- su-karas hu hũs, sũs sūs suwo swein svín "pig", sýr "sow" swīn sū so Pig, pig socc hwch lett. sivēns, suvẽns "piglet" thi
wolf * wÍ̥kʷ-os ulippana vŕ̥kaḥ vǝhrka- lúkos lupus wulfs ulfr wulf wolf wolf wolf vil̃kas vlĭkŭ ujk
goose *goose- haṁsáḥ zāō khḗn (h) ānser gas goose gōs goose goose géiss gwydd žąsìs gǫsǐ gatë "heron"
duck * h₂énh₁t- ātí- nẽssa, nãssa, nẽtta anas ǫnd enita ened duck ántis Soot. утка rose

Agriculture

idg. heth. ai. av. gr. lat. toch. (B) got. ais. ahd. ae. no. nhd. air. ky. lit. aksl. poor. silly kos
grain * g̑r̥h₂-nó- grānum kaúrn grain grain corn corn grain green grawn žìrnis "pea" zrŭno grurë
field * h₂ég̑-ro-s> * h₂ág̑-ro-s (Greek * h₂ag̑-ró-s) ájraḥ ἀγρός (agrós) ager akrs akr ackar, ahhar æcer acre Field ar (t)
plow * h₂erh₃- ḫarra-i "tears open, grinds" aróō arō (arāre) "plow", arātrum "plow" āre "plow" arjan erja erian me. airim arddu ariù "plow", árklas "plow" orjǫ araur
milking * h₂melg̑- mā́ršti, mā́rjati, mr̥játi marǝzaiti, mǝrǝzaiti amélgō mulgeo malk-who miluk-s mjolk meolc milk milk bligim blith "milk" mélžu mŭlzu mjel
grind * melh₂- malla-i mr̥ṇāti, mr̥nati, mármartu "shall crush" múllō molō melye "trample" at times mala melu meal grind, flour melim malu malù meljǫ paint miell "flour"
honey * meli-t, * mel-nés military méli mel miliþ mele mil mel mełr mjaltë
Mead * médʰu mádhu mađu méthu "wine" With midus mjǫðr medu mead Mead mid medd medùs "honey" medъ "honey"
salt * sál- sal-ilá- "salty" ἅλς (háls) sāl sālyiye salt salt seals salt salt salann hold lett. sā̀ls solǐ ał gjollë "salt lick stone"
sow * seh₁- "sow", * séh₁-mn̥ "seed" serō saían sá sāmo "seed" sāwan so sow síl "seeds" help "seeds" sė́ju sějǫ
rain * sh₂ew "pour" išḫuu̯ai-i "throws" hū́ei su- / swās-
yoke * yug-ó-m yugan yugám yaoj-, yuj- "harness" ζεῦγος (zeûgos) iugum yokäm "door" (A) yuk OK ġeoc yoke yoke nir. ughaim "I bridle" iau jùngas igo luc

activities

idg. heth. ai. av. gr. lat. toch. (B) got. ais. ahd. ae. no. nhd. air. ky. lit. aksl. poor. silly
to breathe * h₂enh₁- ániti ā̊ntya ánemos "wind" anima "breath" añiye "breath" uz-anan and "breath" unst "storm" ōđian "blow", or-ōđ "breath" anāl "breath" of yes "smell" g-nem "incense"
sleep * swep- "to sleep", * swép-no-s "sleep", Greek * sup-nó-s šup-, šuppariya- svápnaḥ "sleep" xᵛafna- "sleep" húpnos "sleep" somnus "sleep" ṣpans "sleep" svefn "sleep" swefan sūan "sleep" hun "sleep" sãpnas "dream" sŭnŭ "sleep, dream" kʿun "sleep" gjumë "sleep"
sweat * sweyd- svḗda- "sweat" xᵛaēda- "sweat" (e) ĩdos "sweat" sūdor "sweat" sveiti swāt sweat sweat chwys "sweat" lett. sviêdri "sweat" kʿirt-n "sweat" dirsë, djersë "sweat"
eat * h₁ḗd-, * h₁éd-; poor. * h₁ṓd- ed-zi ádmi aδāiti édō edō itan eta ezzan etan eat eat estir ys ė́du jamĭ owtem Ha
drink * peh₃- pā-š-i pā́ti, píbati pī́nō bibō ibid iben pijǫ əmpem pi
to sing * can- kan (áss) ō canō, cantus, ac-centus; carmen; cicōnia "stork" kan "melody" hana "rooster" hani; hø̄na "hen" hano; huon hana hen "hen" Cock; chicken canaid kánja "Milan" (Russian)
speak * wékʷ- vákti, vácas- vacah- epos vocō, vōx wek vāttr "testimony" (gi) wah (anen) (mention) foccul gwaethl wackītwei "curl" (old Prussian) gočem
Listen * k̑léw- śrávas-, śrómata- "celebrity" sravah- kléos in-clutus, clueō kalywe hliuma hljōþ "loud" hlūt hlūd, hlystan loud, listen loud, leu (mouth) cloth clywed šlovė̃ slava luṙ "silent" * k̑lu-s-ri-
braid, carpentry * teks- takš-zi "puts together" ham taxša- (old Persian ) téchnē texō þexla "ax" dehsa (la) "ax" þeox "spear" Badger * tóks-u-
give birth * g̑enh₁-, jánati zīzǝnti gignō "bring out" can- "come about" -kunds "born" child "little child" child "child" child genni "to be born" cnanim
to grow * h₂ewg-, h₂weg- úkṣati uxšyeiti aúksō, auksánō augeō aukšu "old" aukan, wahsjan auka, vaxa ēacian, weaxan eke, wax (of the moon) to grow for "fat" gwair "fat" áugu
Life * gʷih₃-wó- jīvá- "living", jīvitam "life" gayō "life", ǰva- "living" bíos "life" vīvus "living"; vīta "life" śai- "live" qius "alive" kvikr "alive" cwicu "alive" quick (<ae. cwicu) Mercury "living silver" biu "alive"; bethu "life" byw "alive", bywyd "life" gývas "living", gyvatà "life" živŭ "living", žitĭ, životŭ "life" keam "I live"
to die * mer- mer-zi "disappears" már-a-ti / -tē "dies", mr̥-tá- "dead" merə- émorten (aor.) "died", ámbrotos "immortal" morior maúrþr "murder" murder morþor murder (<OE morþor) murder marb "dead" marw "dead" mìrštu mĭrǫ meṙanim "die", meṙac "dead" mërshë "corpse"

Explanations

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ “nóras” appears in the Handbook of Old Persian, on page 150