Ingelrii

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Drawings of two swords from the Ingelrii group (after Anders Lorange, Den yngre jernalders sværd , 1889). Above: the sword found in the Isac near Nantes, dated to the 10th century, with blade inscription (after Lorange) INGELRED FIT . Below: the high medieval (11th or 12th century) sword found in the Fyris near Uppsala with the inscription INGEL.AH. and characteristic ornament on the back of the blade.

The Ingelrii group consists of around 20 known medieval swords from the 10th to 12th centuries with inlaid blade inscription INGELRII . It is comparable to the older, much better documented Ulfberht group (9th to 11th centuries, around 170 known specimens).

Inscription swords

The inscriptions Ingelrii and Ulfberht are interpreted as the names of blade smiths, i.e. a manufacturer's statement, which was used as a kind of quality mark for more than 200 years, well over the lifetime of the original name bearers. Compared to the Ulfberht inscriptions, the Ingelrii inscriptions are generally easier to read and appear without the sign of the cross. Peirce (2002) interprets the appearance of the Ingelrii blades in the 10th century as the establishment of a “competitor” to the Ulfberht smithy. However, not all pieces come from a single workshop, apparently high-quality names have also been imitated or "forged".

Inscriptions on swords were applied by being a prick dug and damascened . For this purpose, different colored metal wires were hammered into it and the surface was then sanded.

The Gicelin swords of the High Middle Ages are comparable ; three swords with variants of the inscription GICELIN ME FECIT , along with some other me-fecit inscriptions from the High Middle Ages, such as BENNO ME FECIT (find from the swing arm near Stade ) or NISO ME FET .

Individual Ingelrii swords

Examples of Ingelrii swords are:

  • Statens Historiska Museum , Stockholm, an early 10th century sword found in Sigridsholm, north of Stockholm. The inscription INGRLRIIMEFECIT establishes the proper name Ing [e] lrii as manufacturer information .
  • The sword of Flemma , Norway, inscription INGELRIH FECIT .
  • A sword from the 10th century, found in the Isac near Nantes, privately owned; Inscription INGELRED (or INGELRII ?).
  • found in London, in the Thames at Temple (inscription INGELRII ).
  • British Museum (1856.7-11404), London, found in the Thames at Kings Reach, 10th or 11th century, pommel: Petersen Type Z, inscription INGELRII .
  • British Museum (1891, 09-05 3), London, found in the Thames near Kew , dated to the 10th century, length: 75.3 cm, pommel: Petersen type Q. The inscription INGELRII on the front of the blade ; the back of the blade was also labeled, but now hardly legible (read as SITANBI or IBNATIS as an experiment ).
  • London Museum (A2373), found in the Thames at Vauxhall , Wandsworth Reach; Length 88.2 cm (blade 74.2 cm), inscription INGELRII .
  • Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Glasgow (A.1966.17), 10th century, length 70.0 cm, weight 1.060 kg; Inscription INGELRII .
  • Statens Historiska Museum , Stockholm, a sword from the 11th or 12th century, found in the Fyris near Uppsala, with the inscription INGEL.AH that is difficult to read . and characteristic ornamentation on the back of the blade.
  • The well-preserved "Sword from the Teufelsmoor " ( Lower Saxony ), dated to the 11th century, Lower Saxony State Museum Hanover , length: 83 cm, inscription INGELRII .
  • Sword from Marin (Canton Neuchâtel), Swiss National Museum (inscription INGELRII )
  • A sword found near Dresden bears the inscription INGELRII on one side of the blade and HOMODEI (viz. Homo dei , a term for crusaders) on the other .
  • An exceptional example, found at Wisbech , bears the inscription INGELRII on one side of the blade and the inscription ULFBERHT on the other side .
  • Bavarian National Museum , Munich, found in the Danube near Hilgartsberg .

swell

  1. ^ A b c R. Ewart Oakeshott, The Archeology of Weapons (1960), p. 145.
  2. ↑ Ulfberht is a well-documented Franconian name (Förstemann, Old German name book sv Vulfbert , documented since the 8th century); Ingelrii, on the other hand, seems to be a corrupted form of a name in Ingel-, Engil- (Förstemann, Old German name book sv "Angil" ), interpreted as "Ingelred, the name of the armorer" in the annual report of the Swiss National Museum Zurich Volume 19 (1910). Lorange (1889), however, uses the name of a mint master of King Ethelred (r. 978–1013 / 4) for comparison , proves INGELRI (or INGLRI). A mint master who signs INGELRIES is already documented during the reign of Eadgar (959–975) (Pagan, Edgar, King of the English (2014), p. 202 ). The Anglo-Saxon name is interpreted as Ingalric (Martin Biddle, Winchester Studies 8: The Winchester Mint: And Coins and Related Finds from the Excavations of 1961-71 , Oxford, 2012, p. 582; P. Dalton in: Rulership and Rebellion in the Anglo-Norman World, c.1066 – c.1216: Essays in Honor of Professor Edmund King , Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2015, p. 42 ).
  3. ↑ a b Peirce (2002), p. 8.
  4. ↑ J. Schwietering, "Meister Gicelin" , Journal for Historical Weapons 7 (1915-1917).
  5. ^ Find from Sigridsholmssjön , municipality of Sigtuna , today at the eastern end of runway 08/26 at Stockholm / Arlanda airport . Peirce (2002), p. 8. Historiskt-geografiskt och statistiskt Lexikon öfver Sverige, Volume 6 , p. 70.
  6. ↑ T. Petersen, Aarsskrift for Nordmär Historielag , 1925, p. 31. HE Davidson (1998) The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England: Its Archeology and Literature , p. xviii – xx. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
  7. ↑ INGELRED after reading of Wegeli (1904), with picture; later also cited as INGELRII . Ewart Oakeshott, The Sword in the Age of Chivalry (1964), p. 27 (Fig. 5).
  8. ↑ britishmuseum.org
  9. ↑ Peirce (2002), p. 80.
  10. ↑ David M. Wilson, "Some neglected late Anglo-Saxon swords", Medieval Archeology 9 (1965), p. 52.
  11. ↑ glasgowmuseums.com
  12. ↑ Found probably at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century between Worpswede and Adolphsdorf in the Teufelsmoor in the Osterholz district , in Lower Saxony ; the circumstances of the find are unknown. Acquired by the State Museum in Hanover in 1933. Total. The broad blade ends like a flat arch and has a flat central groove on each side. The tang was originally covered with a handle made of organic material. A broad, straight quillons and a thick, roughly lens-shaped pommel , both made of iron, are attached . The blade bears the inlaid inscription INGELRII on the front and the typical symmetrical, "script-like" bar ornamentation on the back. G. Jakob-Friesen: A high medieval sword with inscriptions from the Teufelsmoor In: Guide to prehistoric and early historical monuments, Vol. 31. The Elb-Weser triangle, III excursions Bremerhaven, Cuxhaven Worpswede. 1976.
  13. ^ The Archaeological Journal 124-125, Royal Archaeological Institute, 1968, p. 179. HE Davidson (1998) The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England: Its Archeology and Literature , p. xviii – xx. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.