Internal colonialism

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As internal colonialism is called a structural political and economic inequality between regions within a State.

Origin of the term

Lenin spoke about Russian colonialism within Russia : "Ukraine is to Russia what Ireland is to England: extremely exploited and receives nothing in return." In the 1920s, Antonio Gramsci spoke about northern Italian colonialism versus southern Italy. The first to speak explicitly of "internal colonialism" was Leo Marquard in his 1957 book on South Africa. In 1965 Pablo González Casanova used the term for Mexico . Robert Blauner used the term "internal colonialsm" in 1969 to refer to the African American population , whose communities the author described as the internal colonies of the United States. In 1973 Sergio Salvi followed with his book on the ten "Forbidden Peoples" of Western Europe (including Catalonia , Scotland , Brittany and Occitania ).

The book, refer to since then, many researchers had, Internal Colonialism by Michael Hechter from 1975. In his book Hechter put forward the theory that the Anglo-Saxon England as the core of Britain the periphery of the "Celtic fringe areas" (celtic fringe) , that is, Ireland , Wales, and Scotland , treated like colonies. He looked at the period from 1536, the year of the annexation of the previously autonomous Principality of Wales by the Kingdom of England. Using dependence theory, he examined the socio-economic, political and cultural relationships between central England and the peripheral parts of the country. Politically, England had withdrawn sovereignty from the other parts of the empire and refused autonomy, exploited them economically, assigned their residents socially subordinate positions and tried to suppress their cultural idiosyncrasies. This is also reflected in the unequal development of the economy, population and standard of living, cultural differences and political particularism, which continued into the second half of the 20th century. Various authors have criticized Hechter's model on several points.

In 1979 the journal Ethnic and Racial Studies devoted an entire issue to the topic of internal colonialism with articles on Brittany , Quebec , Alaska , Eastern Finland , Southern Italy and Austria-Hungary.

features

The following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

In a state with signs of internal colonialism, there is a very large socio-economic difference between different areas or groups. As in classic colonialism, the oppressed areas or groups produce for the metropolis and buy again for expensive money. The banks, i.e. the loans, are in the metropolis. The central government enforces economic dependency with legal, political and military means. The people in the internal colonies are considered to be religious, ethnic or linguistic. The justification for the oppression, as in classical colonialism, is achieved with racist arguments.

In a state that practices internal colonialism, class differences and boundaries between the privileged and oppressed groups are identical. The oppressed try to assimilate to the culture of the center, as this enables them a material advancement.

Examples

In addition to the examples given, Great Britain, South Africa, Mexico, Russia, Italy:

  • People's Republic of China : When discussing the policy of the People's Republic of China towards the ethnic minorities on the periphery, the concept of internal colonialism is debated.
  • Israel : The sociologist Elia Zureik describes the treatment of the Palestinians by Israel as internal colonialism.
  • Philippines : The policy of the Philippine state towards the Moros in Mindanao is presented as a continuation of Spanish and American colonialism and thus as internal colonialism (see Moro conflict ).
  • Sudan : The Muslim-Arab elite in Khartoum continued a colonial policy towards the north ( Nubia ), the west ( Darfur ) and the south of the country both during the Mahdi uprising (1881–1899) and after independence from Great Britain . This also includes the attempt by the central government to impose the Arab-Islamic culture on the non-Arab and non-Muslim minorities.
  • Thailand : The integration of previously politically and culturally autonomous states in the area of ​​today's north , north-east and outer southern Thailand into the Thai central state from 1892 and the policy of Thaiization of ethnic minorities on the periphery is described by some authors as internal colonialism. This is particularly noticeable in the ethnic-religious conflict between the Muslim Malay in the south against the Thai state, see conflict in southern Thailand .

Web links

bibliography

  • Abercrombie, Nicholas, Stephan Hill & Bryan S. Turner (2000). The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology . 4th edition. London: Penguin Books.
  • Blaschke, Jochen: people, nation, internal colonialism, ethnicity. BIVS. 1984
  • Dietz, Bernhard: The power of internal relationships. Historical-comparative development research using the example of the “Celtic periphery” of the British Isles. Lit Verlag, Münster, 1999
  • Gonzalez Casanova, Pablo (1965). Internal Colonialism and National Development. Studies in Comparative International Development , vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 27-37.
  • Gunder Frank, Andre (1970). Latin America: underdevelopment or revolution: essays on the development of underdevelopment and the immediate enemy. New York / London: Monthly Review Press.
  • Hechter, Michael (1975). Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development. Berkeley: University of California Press, Berkeley
  • Hertog, Frank den: Minority in your own country? On the social position of East Germans in the overall German reality. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2004
  • Luther, Hans U .: The Mindanao Conflict. Institute for General Overseas Research. 1979
  • Marquard, Leo (1957). South Africa's Colonial Policy , Johannesburg: Institute of Race Relations.
  • Walls, David. (2008). Central Appalachia: Internal Colony or Internal Periphery? (web article), Sonoma State University. Access date: January 5, 2011.
  • Wolpe, Harold (1975). The Theory of Internal Colonialism: The South African Case. In: I. Oxhaal et al .: Beyond the Sociology of Development. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Blauner: Internal Colonialism and Ghetto Revolt. In: Social Problems , Vol. 16, No. 4, 1969, pp. 393-408.
  2. ^ Salvi: Le nazioni proibite. Guida a dieci colonie 'internal' dell'Europa occidentale. Vallecchi, Florence 1973.
  3. ↑ Hechter: Internal Colonialism. The celtic fringe in British national development, 1536–1966. University of California Press, 1975.
  4. ↑ Bernhard Dietz: The power of inner relationships. 1999, pp. 41-44
  5. ↑ Dietz: The power of inner relationships. 1999, pp. 44-51.
  6. ↑ John Stone et al. a .: Ethnic and Racial Studies , Vol. 2, No. 3, 1979, pp. 255-399.
  7. ^ Dru C. Gladney: Dislocating China. Reflections on Muslims, Minorities and Other Subaltern Subjects. Hurst & Co., London 2004.
  8. ^ Elia T. Zureik: The Palestinians in Israel. A Study in Internal Colonialism. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1979.
  9. ^ Rainer Werning: Bitter Legacies of a long-lasting War. In: Conflict in Moro Land. Prospects for Peace? Universiti Sains Malaysia Press, Penang 2009, p. 6.
  10. ↑ Mark Turner: Resolving Self-determination Disputes through Complex Power-sharing Arrangements. The Case of Mindanao, Southern Philippines. In: Settling Self-Determination Disputes. Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden 2008, p. 136.
  11. ^ Francis M. Deng: War of Visions. Conflict of Identities in the Sudan. The Brookings Institution, Washington DC 1995, pp. 135 ff. The same: Sudan at the Brink. Self-determination and National Unity. Fordham University Press, New York 2010, p. 6.
  12. ^ Douglas H. Johnson: The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars. Peace or Truce. 2nd edition, Boydell & Brewer, Woodbridge (Suffolk) / Rochester NY 2011, pp. 6-7.
  13. ↑ Melha Rout Biel: The Role of African and Arab Elites in Building a New Sudan. In: After the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan. James Currey, Woodbridge (Suffolk) / Rochester NY 2010, p. 31.
  14. ↑ Heather J. Sharkey: Living with Colonialism. Nationalism and Culture in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. University of California Press, Berkeley / Los Angeles / London 2003, pp. 11-12.
  15. ↑ Harry Verhoeven: Water, Civilization and Power in Sudan. The Political Economy of Military-Islamist State Building. Cambridge University Press, New York 2015, p. 53.
  16. ↑ Heather J. Sharkey: Jihads and Crusades in Sudan from 1881 to the Present. In: Just Wars, Holy Wars, and Jihads. Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Encounters and Exchanges. Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 2012, pp. 263-282, at pp. 275-276.
  17. ^ David Brown: The State and Ethnic Politics in South-East Asia. Routledge, London / New York 1994, chapter “Internal colonialism and ethnic rebellion in Thailand”, pp. 109–142.
  18. ↑ Saiyut Koetphon: Government policy is leading to disaster in the Hills. In: Bangkok Post , January 4, 1976. Quoted from Hans U. Luther: Regional Identity versus National Integration - Contemporary Patterns of Modernization in Northeastern Thailand. In: Regions and National Integration in Thailand. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 1995, p. 183.
  19. ^ Wan Kadir Che Man: Muslim Separatism: The Moros of Southern Philippines and the Malays of Southern Thailand. Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 1990. Quoted from Jerryson: Buddhist Fury. 2011, p. 223 (fn. 27).
  20. ↑ Thanet Aphornsuvan: Rebellion in Southern Thailand. Contending Histories. East-West Center, Washington DC 2007, p. 29.
  21. ^ Duncan McCargo : Southern Thailand. The Trouble with Autonomy. In: Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia. ISEAS Publishing, Singapore 2012, pp. 217-234, at pp. 217-218.