Interstate Commerce Commission
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| State level | Independent federal agency | ||
| Consist | February 4, 1887-31. December 1995 | ||
| Incorporated into | Surface Transportation Board | ||
| Headquarters | Washington, DC | ||
The Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) was created in the United States in 1887 to regulate rail traffic . It existed until 1995.
development
The Interstate Commerce Commission was founded by the Interstate Commerce Act , a US federal law of February 4, 1887. The ICC was the first independent agency (so-called agency ) at the federal level. With the approval of the US Senate, the President of the United States appointed its members, who enjoyed a certain degree of independence in their decisions.
The original purpose of the ICC was to regulate rail traffic (and later also truck traffic), for example ensuring fair freight rates or preventing discriminatory pricing. From 1910 to 1934, it also regulated telephone services between states. This responsibility was passed in 1934 to the newly created Federal Communications Commission . Due to various deregulation measures by the US Congress in the 1970s and 1980s, the ICC lost more and more powers. It was abolished in 1995. The responsibilities that have remained to her to date have since been assumed by the Surface Transportation Board .
In the 1960s, the authority temporarily had over 2,400 employees. By 1994 the number had been reduced to just under 600.
Role model
The ICC served as a model for later regulatory efforts. For example, the Federal Trade Commission (1914), the Federal Communications Commission (1934), the US Securities and Exchange Commission (1934), the National Labor Relations Board (1935), the Civil Aeronautics Board (1940), and the Consumer Product Safety Commission (1975) based on the model of the ICC. This means that they are led by an independent, multi-person body. In the last few decades, however, this structure has gone out of fashion: the “agencies” created after 1960 are regularly headed by only one person. They are also part of an executive department. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1970) or the Transportation Security Administration ( 2002 ) may serve as examples .
Legal background
The US federal law "Interstate Commerce Act" of 1887, which the federal agency Interstate Commerce Commission founded, was based on the so-called "Commerce Clause" of the US federal constitution Art. I Sect. 8 cl. 3 of 1778. According to this, the Federation (Congress) has the power (legislative competence) "to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with Indian tribes." This created the common US domestic market (domestic) of the 13 states ( Federal states) and the Federation (Union) received the exclusive legislative competence, its unity and freedom of movement across the borders of the individual states against their state intervention or that of the private sector (cartels) by z. B. to maintain internal border controls, foreclosure of sub-markets, etc. The old phrase “among the several States” was modernized in 1887 to “Interstate”. The deeper legal purpose of the “Commerce Clause / Interstate” regulations is the prevention of preferential treatment and / or discrimination against individuals or individual states (e.g. “state child privilege”) in the sense of enforcing the fundamental right of equality for all state (Union) citizens.
Chair and cast
The members of the Interstate Commerce Commission required Senate approval . Originally the commission consisted of five people with a term of six years. The Hepburn Act of 1906 increased the board to seven with a new term of seven years. With the law of August 9, 1917, the body grew to nine and with the Esch-Cummins Act of 1920 to eleven members.
With a law of August 1982 the size of the commission was reduced again. From January 1, 1983, the body consisted of seven members and from January 1, 1986, five. At the same time it was decided that all terms of office beginning January 1, 1984 would last five years.
The chairman was chosen by the commission itself. From January 13, 1911, the rule was that the chairmanship should change annually in the order of seniority. With the Reorganization Plan No. 1, President Richard Nixon managed to end the rotation of the chairman from May 13, 1970. This gave the President the opportunity to exert influence on the authority by appointing the Chairman accordingly.
| Term of office | Surname | president |
|---|---|---|
| March 31, 1887 - September 4, 1891 | Thomas M. Cooley | Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison |
| September 5, 1891 - March 18, 1892 (officiating) March 19, 1892 - December 31, 1897 |
William Ralls Morrison | Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland |
| January 11, 1898 - December 12, 1910 | Martin A. Knapp | William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt |
| December 12, 1910 - January 9, 1912 | Judson C. Clements | William Howard Taft |
| January 9, 1912 - January 13, 1913 | Charles A. Prouty | |
| January 13 - March 5, 1913 | Franklin Knight Lane | |
| March 6 - December 31, 1913 | Edgar E. Clark | Woodrow Wilson |
| January 1 - March 16, 1915 | James S. Harlan | |
| March 17, 1915 - March 16, 1916 | Charles Caldwell McChord | |
| March 17, 1916 - March 16, 1917 | Balthasar H. Meyer | |
| March 17, 1917 - March 16, 1918 | Henry Clay Hall | |
| March 17, 1918 - March 16, 1919 | Winthrop More Daniels | |
| March 17, 1919 - March 16, 1920 | Clyde B. Aitchison | |
| March 17, 1920 - August 13, 1921 | Edgar E. Clark | |
| October 3, 1921 - December 31, 1922 | Charles Caldwell McChord | Warren G. Harding |
| January 1 - December 31, 1923 | Balthasar H. Meyer | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1924 | Henry Clay Hall | Calvin Coolidge |
| January 1 - December 31, 1925 | Clyde B. Aitchison | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1926 | Joseph B. Eastman | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1927 | John J. Esch | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1928 | Johnston B. Campbell | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1929 | Ernest I. Lewis | Herbert Hoover |
| January 1 - December 31, 1930 | Frank McManamy | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1931 | Ezra Brainerd Jr. | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1932 | Claude R. Porter | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1933 | Patrick J. Farrell | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| January 1 - December 31, 1934 | William E. Lee | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1935 | Hugh M. Tate | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1936 | Charles D. Mahaffie | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1937 | Carroll Miller | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1938 | Walter MW Splawn | |
| January 1, 1939 - June 30, 1939 | Marion M. Caskie | |
| July 1, 1939 - June 30, 1942 | Joseph B. Eastman | |
| July 1 - December 31, 1942 | Clyde B. Aitchison | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1943 | J. Haden Alldredge | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1944 | William J. Patterson | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1945 | John L. Rogers | Harry S. Truman |
| January 1 - December 31, 1946 | George M. Barnard | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1947 | Clyde B. Aitchison | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1948 | William E. Lee | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1949 | Charles D. Mahaffie | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1950 | John Monroe Johnson | |
| January 1, 1951 - December 31, 1951 | Walter MW Splawn | |
| May 1, 1952 - June 30, 1953 | J. Haden Alldredge | |
| July 1, 1953 - June 30, 1954 | John Monroe Johnson | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| July 1, 1954 - June 30, 1955 | Richard F. Mitchell | |
| July 1, 1955 - November 23, 1955 | Hugh W. Cross | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1956 | Antony F. Arpaia | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1957 | Owen Clarke | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1958 | Howard G. Freas | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1959 | Kenneth H. Tuggle | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1960 | John H. Winchell | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1961 | Everett Hutchinson | John F. Kennedy |
| January 1 - December 31, 1962 | Rupert L. Murphy | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1963 | Laurence K. Walrath | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1964 | Abe Goff | Lyndon B. Johnson |
| January 1 - December 31, 1965 | Charles A. Webb | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1966 | John W. Bush | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1967 | William H. Tucker | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1968 | Paul J. Tierney | |
| January 1 - December 31, 1969 | Virginia Mae Brown | Richard Nixon |
| January 1 - May 12, 1970 (incumbent) May 13, 1970 - April 4, 1977 |
George M. Stafford | Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford |
| April 5, 1977 - December 31, 1979 | A. Daniel O'Neal | Jimmy Carter |
| January 1, 1980 - February 1, 1981 | Darius W. Gaskins Jr. | |
| February 2 - June 24, 1981 (acting) | Marcus Alexis | Ronald Reagan |
| June 25, 1981 - December 12, 1985 | Reese H. Taylor Jr. | |
| December 13, 1985 - February 9, 1990 | Heather J. Gradison | |
| February 12, 1990 - February 4, 1993 | Edward J. Philbin | George HW Bush |
| February 5, 1993 - March 22, 1995 | Gail C. McDonald | Bill Clinton |
| March 23, 1995 - December 31, 1995 | Linda J. Morgan |
Seat
In 1918 the Interstate Commerce Commission moved into the Interstate Commerce Commission Building on the corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and 18th Street NW . With the completion of the Interstate Commerce Commission Building (William Jefferson Clinton Building East) in 1934 on the corner of 12th Street Northwest and Constitution Avenue in the Federal Triangle , this building became the seat of the Commission until 1995.
literature
- Hans J. Kleinsteuber : State Intervention and Transportation Policy in the United States, the Interstate Commerce Commission. A contribution to the political economy of the United States of America. Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-476-00349-3
- Hans J. Kleinsteuber : The Interstate Commerce Commission . Origin, development and present state of regulating state intervention in the USA using the example of a regulatory commission. Springer-Verlag GmbH, 1975, ISBN 978-3-476-99572-8 .
