Islamization of East Jerusalem under Jordanian occupation

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Jordanian artillery bombard Jerusalem, 1948.
Chapel of Our Lady, destroyed in 1948.

The Islamization of East Jerusalem under Jordanian occupation describes the Islamization of East Jerusalem during the nineteen-year occupation of Jordan between 1948 and 1967. It was the phase of military occupation and the subsequent annexation of the West Bank territories conquered in 1948 (in Israel officially Judea and Samaria ) by Jordan until 1967. Christians and other non-Muslims in Jordan experienced a similar fate .

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Mark Tessler - professor of political science at the University of Michigan - describes how the Jordanian occupation to discrimination and persecution of all non-Muslims - Circassians , Christians , Druze and Jews - had in occupied territory result and also a Arabization of the public administration and of all the publicity led .

There was persecution of Christians in the Jordanian occupied area. The Christian population of Jordan ruled Jerusalem was discriminated against as a result of religious persecution and numerous religious restrictions and prohibitions . Christian schools in East Jerusalem had to close on Arab holidays and rest days instead of Sundays. Christian holidays were no longer officially recognized, nor was Sunday a day of rest. The New Jerusalem Gate , set up in 1889 to allow easier access from the Christian quarter of the old town to new Christian residential areas in front of the wall, was walled up in 1948 by the Jordanian occupation. They also walled up all other western entrances to the old town, including the Jaffa Gate and the Zion Gate . From 1948 to 1967 all of these passages were walled up.

"It is worthy of note that between 1948 and 1967 the Christian population of Jordanian-ruled Jerusalem dwindled rapidly, partly as a result of the systematic bans and restrictions imposed upon it on religious grounds."

“It is noteworthy that between 1948 and 1967 the Christian population of the Jordanian-ruled Jerusalem quickly disappeared. a. because of the systematic prohibitions and restrictions imposed on religious grounds. "

Christian churches have been prevented from establishing hospitals and other social services in Jerusalem. Jordan passed laws in 1955 to place Christian schools under government supervision. Only Arabic was allowed to be taught in Christian schools; textbooks were provided by Jordan.

These laws, which affected Christian educational institutions, were cited by British political commentator Littman and then-mayor of Jerusalem Kollek as evidence that Jordan wanted to Islamize the Christian quarter of Jerusalem's old city. The Jerusalem Post commented on these events, describing these actions as:

"A process of Islamization of the Christian Quarter in the Old City."

"A process of Islamization of the Christian Quarter of Jerusalem's Old City"

The Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem before it was destroyed by the Arab Legion, 1948
Arab Legion soldier in the ruins of the Tifferet Yisrael Synagogue

58 synagogues were destroyed in Jerusalem's old city, including the Tifferet Yisrael Synagogue and the Hurva Synagogue . Jews were banned from entering the Western Wall, the Mount of Olives was devastated, and 38,000 Jewish graves were destroyed. Raphael Israeli - professor of the history of the Middle East, Islam and China at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem - described these measures as "Arabization".

"When the Arabs dominated East Jerusalem, not only did they effect a full Arabization of the city, but they did that to the detriment of Jewish sites, such as the Temple Mount, the Mount of Olives, and the Jewish Quarter."

"When the Arabs ruled East Jerusalem, they not only achieved a complete Arabization of the city, but they also did so at the expense of Jewish sites such as the Temple Mount, the Mount of Olives and the Jewish Quarter."

After the Arab Legion expelled the Jewish residents of the Old City in the 1948 war , Jordan allowed Arab Muslim refugees to settle in the abandoned Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem. Arab residents from Hebron later took their place. In the 1960s, as the neighborhood continued to decline, Jordan planned to convert the neighborhood into a public park.

“The destruction by the Jordanians of the Jewish Quarter and its many synagogues, including the beautiful ancient synagogue of the Old City known as Khurvat Rabbi Yehuda Hehasid, went a long way to de-Judaize much of the millennia-old Jewish holdings on Jerusalem. ”

"The destruction of the Jewish Quarter by the Jordanians and its many synagogues ... led to a long road of annihilation of the millennia-old Jewish history of Jerusalem."

Commenting on his victory in 1948, the Jordanian commander of Operation Major Abdullah at-Tall said: “For the first time in 1,000 years, not a single Jew remains in the Jewish Quarter. Not a single building remains intact. That makes a return of the Jews impossible. "

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ghada Hashem Talhami: The Middle East in turmoil , p. 169, Nova Publishers, New York 2002 online
  2. ^ Mark A. Tessler: A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict , p. 329, Indiana University Press, Bloomington 1994: Jordan's illegal occupation and annexation of the West Bank.
  3. ↑ a b c Kimberly Katz: Jordanian Jerusalem; Holy Places and National Spaces , 97-99, University Press of Florida, Gainesville 2005.
  4. ↑ Yael Guiladi: One Jerusalem, 1967-1977. , P. 89, Keter Books, New York 1977 online
  5. ↑ Ira Sharkansky: Governing Jerusalem: Again on the world's agenda Wayne State University Press, Detroit 1996, page 76 Online access on 3 June 2011th
  6. ↑ Bat Yeʼor: Islam and Dhimmitude: where civilizations collide , Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, Madison 2002, p. 235 online
  7. ↑ Annelies Moors: Discourse and Palestine: power, text and context Het Spinhuis 1995, page 57, online accessed on May 25, 2011
  8. ↑ Jerusalem Post: The Churches Anti-Christian Crusade Article in The Jerusalem Post of October 4, 1992, accessed online May 16, 2017.
  9. ^ Jerusalem Synagogue Destroyed in 1948 to be Rebuilt. In: Israel Today. May 29, 2014, accessed April 23, 2017 .
  10. ↑ a b Raphael Israeli: Poison: modern manifestations of a blood libel , p. 219, Lexington Books, New York 2002 online
  11. ↑ a b Raphael Israeli: Jerusalem divided: the armistice regime, 1947–1967. Psychology Press, New York 2002. p. 24 ( online )
  12. ↑ Georg M. Hafner: Antisemitic Alliance , October 28, 2016 at jewische-Allgemeine.de online