Jōmon time

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Shakōki Dogū ( 遮光 器 土 偶 ) from the Late Jōmon Period (1000–400 BC), exhibited in the Tokyo National Museum
Reconstruction of a male Jomon human with a Shiba dog
Kaen-Doki ( 火 焔 土 器 ) (3000–2000 BC, Tokyo National Museum )
Reconstructed village in Aomori

The Jōmon time ( Japanese 縄 文 時代 , jōmon jidai ) or Jōmon culture ( 縄 文 文化 , jōmon bunka ) denotes one from 14,000 to 300 BC. Chr. Ongoing phase in the history of Japan . The name goes back to the zoologist Edward Sylvester Morse (1838-1925) who examined the Køkkenmøddinger in Ōmori in Japan in 1877 . He called the patterns on the ceramic of the Køkkenmøddinger cord marks and thus analogous to the German term Schnurkeramik . Ceramic finds gave the epoch its name. Jōmon ( 縄 文 ) means string pattern in Japanese. The peculiarity of this ceramic is its extremely creative design. With cords of different thicknesses, grooves were pressed into the red clay so that certain patterns were created. Flame-like spiral patterns were typical. The ceramics were fired at relatively low temperatures compared to the Yayoi period .

There are strong similarities between the Jōmon culture and pre-Columbian cultures of the North American Northwest Coast culture and the Valdivia culture in Ecuador .

origin

The origin of the Jōmon population was disputed for a long time. Anthropological studies showed that the Jōmon originally had a lighter skin color, eyes more reminiscent of Europeans without the typical East Asian crease and a comparatively thick body hair that was brown or black. For a long time, some anthropologists therefore saw them as a European type. Research and finds suggest that the Jōmon descended from a population that immigrated to Japan from southern Siberia via Sakhalin .

The Jōmon period began about 14,000 years ago, around the same time a migration of people from southern Siberia to Japan was detected. On the one hand, these people belonged to haplogroup C1a1, which is mainly found in Japan today (about 6%). The next related haplogroup C1a2 occurred in Paleolithic and Neolithic Europe and is found today in some Europeans, Armenians and Berbers . On the other hand, the Jōmon people belonged to the line D-M55, which is found exclusively in Japan and parts of Siberia and Tibet. C1a1 has its origin in the Caucasus or the Black Sea region , while D-M55 originated in Central Asia . According to Brace et al. The Jōmon have not only anthropological similarities with Europeans , but also genetic connections that go back to the time of the Paleolithic or the Neolithic .

Ainu man from Hokkaido

The origin of the Jōmon is seen similarly in the Japanese Journal of Archeology. Seguchi et al. suggest that several different peoples immigrated to Japan during the Jōmon period, including a group related to today's Europeans. Newer genome analyzes of the entire autosomal DNA show that today's Japanese have only about 10% or less genetic agreement with the Jōmon.

The Ainu and the Emishi are considered descendants of the Jōmon tribes.

overview

Jōmon pottery (4-2th millennium BC) Museum Guimet , Paris

In the Jōmon period, people lived as hunters and gatherers , although an early form of agriculture can be demonstrated. The climate was mild and warm, and lush vegetation grew on the Japanese islands. The diet consisted mainly of fish and shellfish, and deer and wild boar were hunted in groups. Plants and fruits were collected for this purpose. The pots were probably used to store fruit and transport water.

The oldest ceramic finds of the Jōmon period come from the island of Kyushu, from the time 13,000 BC. Chr. Jōmon pottery is undoubtedly one of the oldest pottery in the world.

From approx. 5000 BC Ever larger villages with up to 300 residents formed. Pit houses with bamboo roofs were mainly used as accommodation. Some of these houses were equipped with stone floor slabs. Such an early Emishi settlement has been extensively reconstructed as an open-air museum at the Sannai-Maruyama site in Aomori .

The role of cultivated plants for the Jōmon culture is still being discussed in the professional world. Gary Crawford, for example, believes that the first form of agriculture developed around this time. Accordingly, among other things, rice , grain , soybeans , pumpkins , hemp , perilla and adzuki beans were grown. For Hermann Parzinger, on the other hand, the occasional finds of cultivated plants may not come from the Jōmon layer and have rather sunk over time. For Parzinger it is clear: “Real agriculture and the use of cultivated plants are only possible in the Yayoi period following Jōmon from approx. 300 BC. Proven. "

religion

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Little is known about the worship of deities during the Jōmon period, as there are no written records and there are no pictorial representations. Mountains and trees were worshiped. Special places such as waterfalls, rocky outcrops or large trees served as ritual places for worshiping God. Besides these gods there were also spiritual people who were in contact with the ancestors. It was through them that communication with the deceased was established and maintained.

In the late phase of the Jōmon period, impressive monuments were created that indicate mathematical and astronomical knowledge. One is probably a calendar. For example, a tower was created that is aligned so that the pillars mark the position of the sun at the summer solstice . The shadows of the posts run exactly diagonally to the base of the tower that day.

The so-called Dogū are also preserved from the Jōmon period . These are clay statues, the purpose of which is still unknown today.

Classification

Surname Period features
Beginning of Jōmon time
Jōmon I 		16,500-10,000 BC Chr. First use of ceramics on the Japanese islands
Earliest Jōmon time
Jōmon II 		10,000–7,000 BC Chr. First clay figures. Jōmon culture reaches the main island of Honshū
Early Jōmon period
Jōmon III 		7000-5,450 BC Chr. The first major settlements in the Jōmon culture
Middle Jōmon period
Jōmon IV 		5,450–4,420 BC Chr.
Late Jōmon period
Jōmon V 		4,420-3,220 BC Chr.
Outgoing Jōmon time
Jōmon VI 		3,220-300 BC Chr.

The Jōmon culture was followed by the Yayoi culture, which is characterized by a new type of pottery that is completely different from the Jōmon culture.

literature

  • Dawn time. Japan's archeology and history up to the first emperors . In: Alfried Wieczorek, Werner Steinaus, Research Institute for Cultural Goods Nara (Ed.): Publications of the Reiss-Engelhorn-Museums Volume 10 . 2. Manual. Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-927774-17-0 .
  • Junko Habu: Ancient Jomon of Japan. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 2004, ISBN 0-521-77213-3 .
  • Douglas Moore Kenrick: Jomon of Japan - the world's oldest pottery. Kegan Paul, London 1995, ISBN 0-7103-0475-7 .
  • Jonathan Edward Kidder: Prehistoric Japanese arts - Jomon pottery. Kodansha, Tokyo 1968, ISBN 0-87011-095-0 .
  • Nelly Naumann : Japanese prehistory - the material and spiritual culture of the Jōmon period. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2000, ISBN 3-447-04329-6 .
  • Peter C. Swann: Japan - from the Jōmon to the Tokugawa period. Holle, Baden-Baden 1979, ISBN 3-87355-107-1 .

Web links

Commons : Jōmon  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Makoto Sahara : On the chronology and periodization of Japanese archeology and history. In: time of dawn. Volume 2, p. 19.
  2. ↑ Shuzo Koyama, David Hurst Thomas (Eds.): Affluent Foragers: Pacific Coasts East and West. In: Senri Ethnological Studies. No. 9. National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka 1979.
  3. ^ C. Melvin Aikens: Pacific northeast Asia in prehistory: hunter-fisher-gatherers, farmers, and sociopolitical elites . WSU Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0-87422-092-6 .
  4. ^ Stuart J. Fiedel: Prehistory of the Americas . Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0-521-42544-5 , pp. 187 ( limited preview in Google Book Search - reading sample).
  5. ^ Archeology - Studies examine clues of transoceanic contact . In: The Columbus Dispatch . May 19, 2013 ( dispatch.com [accessed July 20, 2018]).
  6. ↑ Hideo Matsumoto: The origin of the Japanese race based on genetic markers of immunoglobulin G . In: Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B . tape 85 , no. 2 , 2009, ISSN  0386-2208 , p. 69-82 , doi : 10.2183 / pjab.85.69 .
  7. ↑ 崎 谷 満: DNA ・ 考古 ・ 言語 の 学 際 研究 が 示 す 新 新 ・ 日本 列島 史 』 . 勉 誠 出版, 2009, ISBN 978-4-585-05394-1 (Japanese).
  8. ↑ Yusuke Watanabe, Izumi Naka, Seik-Soon Khor, Hiromi Sawai, Yuki Hitomi: Analysis of whole Y-chromosome sequences reveals the Japanese population history in the Jomon period . In: Scientific Reports . tape 9 , no. 1 , June 17, 2019, ISSN  2045-2322 , p. 1-8 , doi : 10.1038 / s41598-019-44473-z .
  9. ↑ G. David Poznik u. a .: Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences . In: Nature Genetics . tape 48 , no. 6 , June 2016, p. 593-599 , doi : 10.1038 / ng.3559 .
  10. ↑ C. Loring Brace et al. a .: Old World sources of the first New World human inhabitants: A comparative craniofacial view . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . tape 98 , no. 17 , August 14, 2001, p. 10017-10022 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.171305898 , PMID 11481450 .
  11. ↑ Jomon Culture and the peopling of the Japanese archipelago: advancements in the fields of morphometrics and ancient DNA. Retrieved September 16, 2019 .
  12. ↑ 'Jomon woman' helps solve Japan's genetic mystery | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News. Retrieved on August 2, 2019 .
  13. ↑ Fumio Kakubayashi: HAYATO: An Austronesian speaking tribe in southern Japan . In: The bulletin of the Institute for Japanese Culture, Kyoto Sangyo University . tape 3 , March 1998, pp. * 15–31 ( ci.nii.ac.jp [accessed August 26, 2018]).
  14. ↑ Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Kirill Kryukov, Timothy A. Jinam, Kazuyoshi Hosomichi, Aiko Saso: A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan . In: Journal of Human Genetics . tape 62 , no. 2 , February 2017, ISSN  1435-232X , p. 213–221 , doi : 10.1038 / jhg.2016.110 , PMID 27581845 , PMC 5285490 (free full text).
  15. ^ A b Gary W. Crawford: Advances in Understanding Early Agriculture in Japan . In: Current Anthropology . tape 52 , S4, October 1, 2011, pp. S331-S345 , doi : 10.1086 / 658369 , JSTOR : 10.1086 / 658369 .
  16. ↑ Hermann Parzinger: The children of Prometheus. Munich 2014, p. 495.
  17. ↑ Toyohito Moriya: A Study of the Utilization of Wood to Build Pit Dwellings from the Epi-Jomon Culture to the Satsumon Culture in Hokkaido Region, Japan. In: Journal of the Graduate School of Letters . tape 10 , March 2015, p. 71-85 , doi : 10.14943 / jgsl.10.71 .
  18. ↑ 三 内 丸山 遺跡 調査 概 報. Retrieved November 30, 2019 .
  19. ↑ Akira Matsui, Masaaki Kanehara: The question of prehistoric plant husbandry during the Jomon period in Japan . In: World Archeology . tape 38 , no. 2 , June 1, 2006, p. 259-273 , doi : 10.1080 / 00438240600708295 .
  20. ^ GW Crawford: The Transitions to Agriculture in Japan. In: AB Gebauer, TD Price (Ed.): Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison 1992, pp. 117-132.
  21. ↑ Hermann Parzinger: The children of Prometheus. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 9783406668159 , p. 498.
  22. ↑ Makoto Sahara: On the chronology and periodization of Japanese archeology and history. In: time of dawn. Volume 2, p. 20.
  23. ^ Angela R. Perri: Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jōmon Japan . In: Antiquity . tape 90 , no. 353 , October 2016, p. 1166–1180 , doi : 10.15184 / aqy.2016.115 .