John Marshal († 1235)

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Sir John Marshal (* before 1194; † between February 1235 and June 27, 1235 ) was an English nobleman and judge.

Origin and youth

John Marshal came from a branch of the Marshal family . He was an illegitimate son of John Marshal , Lord of Hampstead Marshal, heir to John Marshal . His mother was believed to be Alice de Colleville, who was married to a Sussex landowner, William de Colleville , and divorced from him for adultery. John was recognized as a son by his father, so he grew up in his household. His father served Johann , a younger son of King Henry II , as Seneschal when he was Count von Mortain . After the death of his father in 1194, who might have died fighting for his master, John lived in the household of his uncle William Marshal , whom he accompanied to Flanders in 1197 and to Normandy in 1198 .

In the service of Johann Ohneland

During the Franco-English War , John served as Castellan of Falaise in Normandy. After France had conquered most of Normandy, John withdrew to England in early 1204. His uncle sent him to Leinster in April 1204 , where he administered the Irish property of his uncle there as Seneschal until William Marshal himself came to Ireland in February 1207. Although his uncle had fallen out of favor with the king in 1205 and despite his own illegitimate ancestry, John did not lose the king's favor, which he perhaps owed to his father's services for Johann when he was still Count of Mortain. John returned to England with William Marshal in the autumn of 1207. Johann Ohneland appointed him Marshal of Ireland and gave him various lands on the island. John remained at the royal court and took part in the king's campaign to Ireland in 1210 as Knight Banneret . When his uncle regained the king's favor in May 1213, John again became his deputy. He was part of the king's entourage when he confirmed the Magna Carta in Runnymede in June 1215 . He then administered for the King Somerset , Dorset and Worcestershire , where his uncle had extensive possessions, until the king made him ambassador to Pope Innocent III in September 1215 . sent to Rome.

Role in the war of the barons

Before the end of the year John was back in England, where he took part in the king's campaign during the open war of the barons , with which he subjugated large parts of northern England at the end of 1215 and beginning of 1216 and advanced as far as Scotland. He was one of the few followers who were present in Newark in October 1216 at King John's deathbed.

John's uncle William Marshal took over after Johann's death for his underage son Heinrich III. the reign. William handed over the management of the strategically important Devizes Castle to John in March 1217 . Together with William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury , John ruled a large part of Wiltshire . In May 1217 he fought as Knight Banneret under his uncle in the Battle of Lincoln . Before the battle, he was one of the negotiators who tried to persuade the rebel and French troops who were besieging Lincoln Castle to give up. In the autumn of 1217 John fought with Philip d'Aubigny in the sea ​​battle of Sandwich , which finally decided the war of the barons in the English king's favor. Baron John Fitz Hugh was captured by Marshal during the Civil War. Since he could not raise the required ransom, he had to hand over property at Cowley and Oxford to Marshal.

Next life

John was richly rewarded for his services. From November 1217 to February 1221 he held the lucrative office of chief forest judge. From 1217 to 1218 he was administrator of the estates of the minor Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon and the Isle of Wight , and in 1218 he served as a judge in the northern Midlands . After his uncle's death in May 1219, he became a close ally of his cousin William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke . John served as judge in Ireland on behalf of both the king and his cousin. From 1223 to 1224 he administered Ulster . During the new Franco-English War , the king sent him as ambassador to France in the summer of 1225. In January 1226 he negotiated with the papal nuncio Otto on behalf of the king. After the death of his cousin William in 1231, he became his executor. He served as the castellan of Pembroke Castle and administrator of his cousin's Welsh estates until his cousin Richard Marshal's line of succession was confirmed. However, neither John nor his sons continued to support Richard when he rebelled against the king from 1233 onwards. Instead, John lived at the royal court again from 1234.

John made extensive endowments for monasteries, including Luffield Priory, near his Norton estate , and Walsingham Priory , near his Norfolk estate. To this end, like his uncle William Marshal, he promoted the Knights Templar .

Family and offspring

In 1200 John had married Aline de Ryes († 1267), one of Hubert de Ryes' two daughters. After her father's death, his wife inherited the barony of Hingham in East Anglia . He had several children with her, including

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ David Carpenter: The minority of Henry III . University of California Press, Berkeley 1990. ISBN 0-520-07239-1 , p. 45
  2. ↑ RF Walker: The supporters of Richard Marshal, earl of Pembroke, in the rebellion of 1233-1234 in: Welsh History Review / Cylchgrawn Hanes Cymru , 17 (1994-95), p. 46
personal data
SURNAME Marshal, John
BRIEF DESCRIPTION English nobleman
DATE OF BIRTH before 1194
DATE OF DEATH between February 1235 and June 27, 1235