House Marshal

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The Marshal family was an Anglo-Norman family who rose to become an influential aristocratic family in England in the 12th and 13th centuries . From the beginning of the 12th to the middle of the 13th century, the heads of families officiated as Master Marshal of the King's household .

Origin and rise as Marshal of the King's household

Gilbert , who held the office of marshal at the court of King Henry I, is considered to be the progenitor of the family . After his death before 1130, his son John FitzGilbert took over the office, with which the family was increasingly named after the office. John FitzGilbert left several sons from two marriages, so that on his death in 1165 his inheritance was divided. Since he had divorced his first wife, Gilbert, the surviving son from his first marriage, inherited only a minor portion and his mother's inheritance. John's eldest son from his second marriage, who was also called John, inherited most of his father's possessions. When Gilbert died childless in 1166, the younger John also inherited his share of the paternal inheritance. When he died in 1194, the younger John left only one illegitimate son, who was also called John . As a result, the Marshal inheritance fell to William Marshal , younger brother of the younger John.

Rise to the magnate family

William Marshal had served loyally as a knight to the English King Henry II . Shortly before his death in 1189, he had granted him the right to marry the rich heiress Isabel de Clare . Through this marriage, William Marshal acquired extensive estates in Normandy , England, the Irish rule of Leinster and the two dominions of Netherwent with Chepstow and Usk and Pembroke in the Welsh Marches in 1189 . Through the marriage he received Iure uxoris also the title Earl of Pembroke . Despite the increasing conflict between England and France , he managed to keep his English possessions as well as his goods in Normandy even after the conquest of Normandy by France in 1204. He was one of the most famous knights of his time. After the death of King Johann Ohneland in 1216, despite his old age, he became regent for the underage Heinrich III. As regent, he was able to successfully end the First War of the Barons . He left five sons, of whom his eldest son William inherited the English, Welsh and Irish estates, while the second son Richard inherited the French estates. After the childless death of the 2nd Earl, Richard inherited the remaining family estates, but died during a rebellion against King Henry III. Then the third son Gilbert inherited the property. The French possessions were now lost due to the conflicts between England and France. In the fight against the Welsh princes, however, the family had captured Cilgerran , Cardigan and Carmarthen in 1223 . Through marriage alliances, military pressure and the expansion of castles such as Usk , Chepstow , Cilgeran and Pembroke , the family managed to expand their influence in Wales. Gilbert Marshal was considered the most powerful Marcher Lord of South Wales in the 1230s .

Division of the Marshal inheritance

However, Gilbert Marshal died childless, after which his brothers Walter and Anselm inherited the property one after the other. These too died childless until the end of 1245, so that all five sons of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, had died without any legitimate offspring. As a result, the extensive property between 1246 and 1247 was divided among the five daughters of the 1st Earl of Pembroke, Matilda, Isabel , Sibyl, Eva and Joan or their heirs. The division of the inheritance was difficult, as the widows of the brothers also had entitlements to a widow that they were entitled to for life. The division of the Welsh possessions took place in July 1246. Richard de Clare, 5th Earl of Gloucester received as heir of Isabel Marshal Usk in Netherwent and Castle Walwyn in Pembrokeshire . Caerleon , part of Netherwent, fell to Agnes de Vescy and Maud de Kyme , the daughters of Sybil Marshal and William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby . Most of the Pembroke rule fell to Joan Marshal , who was married to Warin de Munchensi . Her heiress became her daughter Joan . King Henry III she married in 1247 with his half-brother William de Valence , to whom he newly bestowed the title Earl of Pembroke. The division of Irish goods was particularly difficult and dragged on until the spring of 1247. Kilkenny was initially placed under royal administration. Leinster was split between the five daughters in May 1247. The eldest daughter Matilda and her son Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk received Carlow . Kilkenny fell to Richard de Clare, Kildare fell to Agnes , the eldest daughter of Sibyl Marshal . She was married to William de Vescy, Lord of Alnwick . The fourth daughter Eva Marshal , who died in 1246, was married to the marcher Lord William de Braose . She had left no sons, only four daughters. Their share has now been divided between them. The marshal's inheritance fell to Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk. The division of the inheritance was not finally completed until 1275, when Eleanor de Montfort , the widow of William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, died and her Wittum was divided among the heirs.

Branch line in Northamptonshire

John Marshal , the illegitimate son of John the Marshal († 1194), was excluded from his father's inheritance due to his illegitimate birth. But he rose under King John Ohneland to Marshal of Ireland and was able to establish a branch of the family in Northamptonshire . His son of the same name, John , became Earl of Warwick by marriage , but died childless. John's nephew William Marshal inherited the east English rule of Hingham . His grandson William Marshal unsuccessfully claimed the office of Marshal of England in 1308. He was appointed to the English Parliament in 1309 and is therefore considered a Baron Marshal . With the childless death of his son John Marshal in 1316, the family died out as a male line of succession. His heiress became his sister Hawise Marshal , who had married Robert de Morley, 2nd Baron Morley .

Tribe list

  1. Gilbert the Marshal , † 1130 or earlier, Master Marshal of the King's household under King Henry I ; ⚭ NN, possibly the heiress of William Fitz Auger
    1. John FitzGilbert the Marshal , † before November 1165, probably 1130 Master Marshal of the King's household ; ⚭ (1) probably 1141 Aline, probably daughter of Walter Pipard, divorced, she married Stephen Gai for the second time; ⚭ (2) probably before 1144 Sibyl de Salisbury, daughter of Walter FitzEdward de Salisbury and Matilda de Chaource ( First House Salisbury )
      1. (1) Gilbert, † before November 1166 in Salisbury
      2. (1) son (Walter), † probably 1166/67
      3. (2) John the Marshal , * probably 1144/45, † March 1194, 1165 heir of his father, 1166 of his half-brother, Master Marshal of the King's household , buried in Bradenstoke Priory ; ⚭ Joan de Port, daughter of Adam de Port, Lord of Basing , and Mabile d'Orval, she was second married to Richard de Rivers
        1. (illegitimate, mother: Alice) John Marshal , † 1235, Marshal of Ireland; ⚭ probably 1200 Aveline de Rie, † probably 1266/67, daughter of Hubert (IV.) De Rie of Hingham (Norfolk)
          1. John Marshal, 7th Earl of Warwick , † 1242, probably 3rd / 23rd. October, Marshal of Ireland; ⚭ before 1242 Margaret de Beaumont, 7th Countess of Warwick , † June 3, 1253, daughter of Henry de Beaumont, 5th Earl of Warwick , and Philippa Basset
          2. William Marshal , Lord of Norton, † probably 1265; ⚭ Elizabeth de Ferrers, daughter of William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby , and Margaret de Quincy of Winchester, was second married to Dafydd ap Gruffydd , Prince of Wales
            1. John Marshal , * around 1257, † before December 4, 1282; ⚭ Hawise
              1. William Marshal, 1st Baron Marshal , * July 29, 1277, † 23/24. June 1314 at the Battle of Bannockburn , 1309 Lord Marshal; ⚭ Christian FitzWalter, † before December 6, 1315, daughter of Robert Fitzwalter, 1st Baron Fitzwalter , and Devorguilla de Burgh of Wakely, Northamptonshire
                1. John Marshal, 2nd Baron Marshal , * 1292, † 1316, Lord Marshal ⚭ Ela, † February 16, 1356, she married in second marriage (dispensation June 29, 1319) Robert FitzPayn, Lord FitzPayn
                2. Denise, † September 14, 1316
                3. Hawise, † before 1327, 1316 de iure Baroness Marshal; ⚭ Robert de Morley, Lord Morley, † March 23, 1360 in Burgundy, son of William de Morley, Lord Morley, and Isabel de Mohaut
              2. Platform; ⚭ (marriage contract 1304, probably in November) Thomas de Vere, * probably 1280/84, † between 1328 and May 12, 1329, son of Robert de Vere, 6th Earl of Oxford , and Margaret de Mortimer
            2. William
          3. Alice, † before 1272; ⚭ NN de Carhou
          4. child
            1. Matilda, † February 15, 1308 or earlier, ⚭ probably before 1290 Hugh Mortimer, † July 20, 1304, son of Robert de Mortimer of Richard's Castle, Herefordshire ( House Mortimer ), and Joyce La Zouche ( House La Zouche ), brother of William la Zouche, 1st Baron Zouche of Mortimer , buried in Worcester Cathedral
      4. (2) William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke , * probably 1146, † May 14, 1219 in Caversham Park , 1194 Master Marshal of the King's household , appointed Earl of Pembroke, May 27, 1199, buried in Temple Church , London; ⚭ London August 1189 Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke , † 1220, daughter of Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke , buried in Tintern Abbey
        1. William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke , * in Normandy probably 1190, † April 6, 1231 in Fawley ( Buckinghamshire ), 1194 Earl and hereditary master Marshal , May 2, 1224-22. June 1226 Justiciar of Ireland , buried in Temple Church; ⚭ (1) 1214 Alix de Béthune, Dame de Chocques , † probably 1216, daughter of Baudouin de Béthune , Comte d'Aumale ( House of Béthune ), and Hawise, Comtesse d'Aumale , buried in St Paul's Cathedral ; ⚭ (2) April 23, 1224 Eleanor of England , daughter of King John Ohneland and Isabella of Angoulême , Countess of Angoulême , she married in second marriage on January 7, 1238 Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester ( house Montfort-l 'Amaury )
        2. Matilda Marshal, * probably before 1195, † 1./7. April 1248; ⚭ (1) before 1207 Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk , † February 1225, probably 11th / 18th, son of Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk ( House Bigod ) and Ida; ⚭ (2) before October 13, 1225 William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey , † 1240, son of Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey ( House Plantagenet ), and Isabel de Warenne, 4th Countess of Surrey ( House Warenne )
        3. Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke , † April 16, 1234 Kilkenny Castle , 1219 Seigneur de Longueville et d' Orbec , 1231 Earl of Pembroke and hereditary Master Marshal , buried in the Franciscan Church in Kilkenny ; ⚭ 1222 Gervaise de Vitré, † 1236/41, Vicomtesse de Dinan , daughter of Alain de Dinan , Seigneur de Vitré ( House Vitré ), and Clémence de Fougères ( House Fougères ), widow of Juhel, Seigneur de Mayenne ( House Mayenne ), and Geoffroy, Vicomte de Rohan ( House Rohan )
        4. Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke † June 27, 1241 Hertford Priory , 1234 Earl of Pembroke and hereditary master marshal , buried in New Temple Church, London; ⚭ Berwick August 1, 1235, Marjorie of Scotland , † November 17, 1244, daughter of William the Lion , King of Scotland ( House Dunkeld ), buried in the Church of the Preaching Friars ( Dominican Church ) in London
          1. (illegitimate) Isabel; ⚭ Rhys ap Maelgwn, † 1255, son of Maelgwn ap Maelgwn Fychan , Lord of Cardigan Is Ayron, and Angharad of Wales
            1. Rhys Fychan , † 1302
        5. Walter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke , * after 1198, † November 24, 1245 Goodrich Castle , 1241 Earl of Pembroke and hereditary master Marshal , buried in Tintern Abbey ; ⚭ January 6, 1242 Margaret de Quincy , * before 1208, † March 1266, daughter of Robert de Quincy (son of Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester ) and Hawise of Chester , widow of John de Lacy, 1st Earl of Lincoln , she was third married before June 7, 1252 Richard de Wiltshire
        6. Anselm Marshal, 6th Earl of Pembroke , † Chepstow Castle December 1245, probably 22nd / 24th, 1245 Earl of Pembroke and hereditary master Marshal , buried in Tintern Abbey; ⚭ Matilda de Bohun, † Groby Castle , Lincolnshire , October 20, 1252, daughter of Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford , Earl of Essex ( House of Bohun ), and Matilda de Mandeville, buried at Brackley , she was second married Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester
        7. Joan Marshal, † before 1242; ⚭ Warin de Munchensi , * around 1195, † around July 20, 1255, son of William de Munchensi and Aveline de Clare, he was second married to Dionisie de Anesty
          1. John de Munchensi, † 1247
          2. Joan de Munchensi , † 1307; ⚭ William de Valence, 1st Earl of Pembroke (Guillaume de Lusignan), * 1227/31, † May 16, 1296, son of Hugo X. von Lusignan , Count of La Marche and Isabella of Angoulême , Countess of Angoulême , half-brother of King Henry III from England
        8. Isabel Marshal , born October 9, 1200 Pembroke Castle , † January 15 or 17, 1240 Berkhamsted Castle , buried in Beaulieu Abbey ( Hampshire ); ⚭ (1) October 9, 1214 or 1217 Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford , * probably 1180, † Penrose (Bretagne) October 25, 1230, son of Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford ( House of Clare ), and Amicia FitzWilliam , buried at Tewkesbury ; ⚭ (2) Fawley, Buckinghamshire , March 13 or 30, 1231 Richard, Earl of Cornwall , † April 2, 1272 in Berkhamsted Castle, elected German King ( House Plantagenet )
        9. Sibyl, † ​​before 1238; ⚭ before May 14, 1219 William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby , † May 1254, son of William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby , and Agnes de Chester, buried in Merevale Abbey
        10. Eva, * probably 1200/10, † before 1246; ⚭ William de Braose, 7th Baron of Bramber , † executed May 2, 1230, son of Reynald de Briouse and Grace de Briwere
      5. (2) son (Anselm)
      6. (2) Henry Marshal , † 1206, 1189 Dean of York, 1194 Bishop of Exeter
      7. (2) Matilda; ⚭ Robert de Pont-de-l'Arche , † after 1196, son of Guillaume de Pont-de-l'Arche and Constance Mauduit
      8. (2) daughter , * probably 1145/55; ⚭ probably 1160/70 William (III.) Crassus, † probably 1204/14
    2. William Giffard / the chubby , † after 1166, 1141/42 Chancellor of the Empress Maud

Web link

  • Charles Cawley, Medieval Lands, Earls 1138–1142, Earls of Pembroke 1189–1245 (Marshal) ( online )

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ David Crouch: Marshal, John (d. 1165). In: Henry Colin Gray Matthew, Brian Harrison (Eds.): Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , from the earliest times to the year 2000 (ODNB). Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-861411-X , ( oxforddnb.com license required ), as of 2004
  2. ↑ David Crouch: William Marshal. Knighthood, war and chivalry, 1147-1219. Longman, London 2002. ISBN 0-582-77222-2 , p. 19.
  3. ^ Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965, p. 75.
  4. ^ Rees R. Davies: The Age of Conquest. Wales 1063-1415. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1991, ISBN 0-19-820198-2 , p. 277.
  5. ^ Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965, p. 127.
  6. ↑ John Roland Seymour Phillips: Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke, 1307-1324. Baronial politics in the reign of Edward II. Clarendon, Oxford 1972, ISBN 0-19-822359-5 , p. 2.
  7. ^ Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965, p. 76.
  8. ^ Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965, p. 284.