Goodrich Castle

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Goodrich Castle from the east

Goodrich Castle is a medieval castle ruin from Norman times, north of the village of Goodrich in the English county of Herefordshire . From here one could control a key point on the road from Monmouth to Ross-on-Wye . William Wordsworth has described it as "the noblest ruin in Herefordshire" and historian Adrian Pettifer sees it as "the shining (ruin) in the county and one of the best examples of English military architecture".

Presumably Godric of Mappestone had Goodrich Castle built after the Norman conquest of England , initially as a wooden fortress with earthen walls. In the middle of the 12th century the original castle was replaced by a stone donjon and at the end of the 13th century it was significantly expanded to a ring castle , which connected luxurious residential buildings with extensive fortifications. The success of the Goodridge Castle complex influenced many other constructions across England in the years that followed. It became the family seat of the powerful Talbots , but was no longer desired as a residence towards the end of the Tudor period .

Goodrich Castle was in the English Civil War first by the Roundheads and then from royalist kept forces and finally in 1646 by John Birch using the huge Roaring Meg mortar siege, resulting in a looping led the castle and its decay into ruins. At the end of the 18th century, Goodrich Castle became a well-known picturesque ruin and the template for many paintings and poems. What happened in the castle formed the basis for William Wendworth's famous poem from 1798 called We are Seven . In the late 20th century, the property was a well known tourist attraction owned by English Heritage and was open to the public.

architecture

At the southeast tower you can see the characteristic, right-angled corner leaf to prevent undermining during a siege

Goodrich Castle stands on a high sandstone ledge over the River Wye . It guards a ford across the river called Walesford or Walford about 16 miles from Hereford and 4 miles from Ross-on-Wye. The castle oversees the former Roman road from Gloucester to Caerleon on the transition from England to Wales .

In the center of the castle there is a donjon with a square floor plan, which was built from light gray sandstone at the beginning of the Norman era. It has Norman windows and pilasters - buttresses . The donjon has thick walls, but is relatively small; the individual rooms on each floor measure only 4.5 m × 5.5 m inside. This keep was more suitable for defense than for daily life. For security reasons, the donjon originally had a door on the first floor, which was later converted into a window; the entrance is now on the ground floor. The base of the donjon was originally surrounded by an earth wall that was supposed to protect it from attack, and the rubble stones in the first few layers are coarser.

Around the donjon there is an almost square fortification, which is surmounted by three large towers, all of which were built around 1280 from slightly darker sandstone. On the more vulnerable south and east sides of the castle, moats 27 m long and 9 m deep were carved into the rock, using a natural fracture. These towers have large corner leaves , which arise from intersections of pyramids with a square floor plan with the round towers and rise up the walls. This detail is characteristic of castles in the Welsh Marches , such as B. St. Briavels Castle and Tonbridge Castle . They were supposed to prevent attackers from undermining the towers.

The gatehouse can be reached via an exposed embankment that is covered by the barbican (right). The window of the chapel can be seen in the left tower.

The fourth corner of the castle is the gatehouse . Here, the classic, Edwardian gatehouse construction was modified into an asymmetrical building in which one tower is much larger than the other. At the gatehouse you will find portcullis , Meurtrières (openings in the top of the vault through which the defenders could shoot the attackers) and a drawbridge . Below the gatehouse is a large barbican , similar to the one from the Tower of London at the same time, possibly built by the same craftsmen. It is supposed to protect the dam to the gatehouse. The barbican is now only half its original height, but has its own gate, which was used to arrest intruders on the inner fortress wall. The gatehouse and barbican are connected by a stone dam.

The east-facing tower of the gatehouse contains a chapel , an unusual arrangement that is probably due to the lack of space. It has a recently restored 15th century glass east window, designed by Nicola Hopwood , which lets light shine on the priestly seat ( Sedilia ). The window frame from the 15th century replaced an even larger window from the 13th century. The west window of the chapel is modern, reminiscent of British soldiers who died while developing the radar from 1936 to 1976 . The altar itself is particularly old; it may have been built before the castle.

The outer bailey took on a number of large buildings for the castle's household, e.g. B. the knight's hall , the solar, the kitchen, the serving room and the pantry , all with a luxuriously large number of lavatories and open fireplaces. The large towers offered additional housing options. The construction of the household buildings was carefully linked to support the defense of the outer bailey. The 20 m × 9 m large knight's hall z. B. is in the strongest position over the River Wye, so that it could easily be defended despite the large windows and the large open fireplace. The water for the castle was originally drawn from the well in the courtyard, but was later fed into the castle through pipes from a spring on the other side of the valley. Tap water was available in kitchens from the beginning of the 17th century. The construction of the buildings ensured that servants and masters could live separately from one another in the limited space of a castle, which was revolutionary at the time.

The stables are located below the main castle walls. Today they are in ruins, but you can still see the rubble floor. The stables and the north and west sides of the castle were protected by another, smaller curtain wall, but it is largely in ruins today. Account records show that the stables could accommodate around 60 horses and were expanded in the 17th century to accommodate even more animals.

history

middle Ages

11th and 12th centuries

The Great Donjon replaced the original wooden and earth wall fortress of Godric of Mappestone in the mid-12th century

Goodrich Castle had been around since 1101; then it was called Godric's Castle , presumably after Godric of Mappestone , an Anglo-Saxon Thane and landowner in the area, mentioned in the Domesday Book 1086. However, Victorian historians believed that the castle is even older and dates back to pre-Norman times from King Canute and that this site was one of the small number of Saxon fortifications along the Welsh border. At the time of the Norman conquest of England , Goodrich Castle was part of the Welsh Marches , a series of lands given to fiefdoms to Norman nobles in Wales and along the Welsh border. Though Goodrich was on the safer, English side of the border, it had to contend with attacks and raids most of the time.

Attitudes towards the Welsh nobility among the English nobility began to harden in the 12th century. The actions of the following rulers, but above all that of Henry II , became more and more aggressive in this region. In the mid-12th century, Godric's original earth and wood fortress was demolished and replaced with a tall, but relatively small, square stone keep, sometimes called "Macbeth's Tower". The keep was safe and impressively constructed, but relatively cheap to build. However, it is not certain who exactly was responsible for this reconstruction, nor the exact date of the same, which may have been between 1120 and 1176.

At the beginning of the 12th century, Godric Castle passed to William Fitz Baderon , who was believed to be the former's son-in-law, and in the 1120s to his son, Baderon of Monmouth . But England sank into anarchy in the 1130s as the rival parties of Stephan and his cousin Matilda sought power. Baderon of Monmouth married Rohese de Clare , a member of the powerful Clare family who customarily supported Stephen. There are records suggesting that Baderon Goodrich Castle was forced to give up during fighting in the area, which was largely supported by Matilda's supporters. Some suspect that Baderon had the stone donjon built in the early years of this conflict because of this. Stephan made Baderon's brother-in-law, Gilbert de Clare , Earl of Pembroke and the latter later acquired Goodrich Castle himself. Gilbert's son, Richard , who was also called "Strongbow", succeeded him in 1148, and Richard is another candidate for the building Donjons. In 1154 Richard fell out of favor with Henry II because the De Clares had supported Stephan, and the castle fell to the crown. Some also believe that the king himself had the donjon built.

13th and 14th centuries

The private solar was built into the defensive walls during the expansion under William de Valence .

During the following reigns of Richard the Lionheart and his brother Johann Ohneland , the castle and the manor were in the hands of the crown. King John, however, lost many lands in France, which in return brought many important English nobles for their own land - John was increasingly concerned about possible opposition to his rule. Therefore, in 1203 he transferred Goodrich Castle and the surrounding manor to William Marshal, the Earl of Pembroke , in order to at least partially compensate him for his land losses in France. Marshal was a well-known English knight with the reputation of a brave warrior and he extended Goodrich Castle with a tower-reinforced, stone curtain wall around the existing donjon. Marshal had to intervene militarily to protect Goodrich Castle from Welsh attacks. The intervention in 1216, when Marshal was forced to hold the coronation ceremonies for Henry III , is particularly well known . in Gloucester to leave and hurry back to Goodrich, to secure the castle.

Marshal's son inherited the castle after his father's death; Marshal bequeathed it to his eldest son William , who in turn passed it on to his younger brother, Walter. After William's death, however, Marshal's second son, Richard , took over the castle. Richard for the opposition of the barons against Henry III. and allied with the Welsh, resulting in King Henry besieging Goodrich Castle in 1233 and regaining personal control of the castle for some time. Walter got Goodrich Castle back later, but died a little later in 1245.

The castle briefly fell back to the crown, but was transferred to William de Valence , the half-brother of Henry III, by marriage in 1247 . De Valence was a French nobleman from Poitiers and a designated soldier who spent most of his life in military conflict. Heinrich arranged his marriage to Joan de Munchensi , one of the heiresses of the Marshal estate. This marriage made de Valence immensely rich and earned him the title of Earl of Pembroke.

The massive southeast tower

The situation on the Welsh border remained unsolved, however, and in the decades after 1250 the security situation deteriorated noticeably because the Welsh Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffydd carried out various raids on English territory. The Wye Valley and Goodrich were particularly hard hit by these raids.

So from the 1280s onwards, William de Valence had a much larger castle built around the original donjon and Marshal's earlier changes destroyed. As part of the enormously expensive construction, de Valence had oaks from various royal forests processed. De Valence built at the same time that his nephew King Edward I had his great castles built in North Wales, and the ring castle he built at Goodrich is similar in construction and rarity in England. De Valence's son Aymer had an additional outer line of defense built before his death in 1324, including an outer barbican inspired by the Tower of London, the experimental forerunner of which was the earlier Valence barbican from Pembroke Castle . The effect was an early success in converting a fortress into a larger residential building that could still be defended well. This remodeling also influenced the later remodeling of Berkeley Castle .

The castle was then passed on to Amer's niece, Elisabeth de Comyn , a young noblewoman with good connections. By the mid-1320s, however, England was in the grip of the reign of terror of the Marcher Lords Hugh le Despenser, the Elder , and his son, Hugh le Despenser, the Younger , the royal favorites of Edward II. As part of the "extended vengeance" at his rivals, especially in the Marches, the Despensers illegally appropriated large numbers of properties, particularly from vulnerable owners such as widows, wives of men who had fallen out of favor with the king, and unmarried women. As soon as Elizabeth inherited the castle, Hugh le Despenser, the younger, kidnapped her in London, transported her to Herefordshire and locked her in her own castle. Under death threats, Elisabeth finally handed Goodrich Castle and other lands over to the Despensers in April 1325. Elisabeth then married Richard Talbot , the 2nd Baron Talbot , who in 1326, shortly before Queen Isabelle de France landed in England, regained the castle and deposed the two Despensers and Isabelle's husbands, Edward II. Richard Talbot and his wife Elisabeth regained their legal title at the castle the following year. Richard later received from Isabella's son Edward III. permission to build a dungeon under the donjon and to keep prisoners there.

15th and 16th centuries

The current stained glass window in the chapel was designed in 2000, but 15th century glass was used.

Goodrich Castle remained the preferred seat of Richard Talbot's descendants for many years. In the early years, the security situation in Wales remained a constant concern. Owain Glyndŵr leaned in 1402 against English rule and Welsh troops entered in 1404 and 1405 in Goodrich. Gilbert Talbot was responsible for repelling the Welsh advance and securing the castle. Over time, however, the danger diminished. In the 15th century, the Talbots significantly expanded the living quarters of the rulers in the castle and had additional quarters built for servants and followers.

The Talbots were made Earls of Shrewsbury in 1442 , just before the Wars of the Roses began , in which they supported the House of Lancaster . The wars meant that the Talbots often had to fight elsewhere in England and often stayed in their castle in Sheffield . John Talbot died in the defeat of the Lancasterians at the Battle of Northampton in 1460 and the castle was forfeited and given to the Yorkist William Herbert . John's son, also named John Talbot , later made his peace with the king and regained control of his lands and Goodrich Castle before his death in 1473.

In the 16th century the castle became out of date as a residence. Goodrich Castle was too far from London to be a useful base of power and was gradually abandoned in favor of more modern family seats. Goodrich continued to serve as a judicial center; antiquarian John Leland noted that part of the castle was used as a prison for the local court in the 1530s, and the moat was sometimes used to house cattle confiscated from local farmers.

In 1616 Gilbert Talbot died without male descendants and so Goodrich Castle fell to Henry Gray , the Duke of Kent . The Gray family chose not to live in Goodrich Castle, but instead gave it to a number of fiefs.

English Civil War

The remains of the stables destroyed by Colonel John Birch during his night raid in 1646

Goodrich Castle was the site of one of the saddest sieges of the English Civil War in the 1640s , when rival Roundheads and Royalist parties across England vied for power. In the years before the war, construction work in the castle was resumed. Richard Tyler, a local judge, became the castle's liege and constable and major renovations were carried out in the early 1630s. Shortly after the outbreak of war, in December 1643, Henry Gray, with the help of Tyler, garrisoned the Roundheads at the castle, but increasing pressure on the region from the royalists forced him to retreat to Gloucester . The occupation was far from peaceful; the royalists burned surrounding farms - Tyler himself was captured by Lingen , but was able to sell the cattle and other movable property beforehand. Some sources from this period refer to Goodrich Castle as "Guthridge Castle", a variant of the name.

When the royalists' situation deteriorated, the south-west of England became one of their strongholds. Lingen, who sat at Goodrich Castle with 200 men and 90 horses, carried out raids on parliamentary troops in the region and thus presented a constant challenge to them so the castle remained essentially as it was built in the Middle Ages.

In 1646 Roundhead Colonels John Birch and Robert Kyrle marched south from their successful siege of Hereford and besieged the castle with the aim of destroying one of the remaining royalist strongholds. There was some personal animosity between Lingen and Birch and both were decidedly impulsive contemporaries. Birch's first goal was to prevent further attacks from Lingen and on March 9th he burned down the poorly defended stables in a nightly surprise attack, driving the horses of the royalists away and thus limiting their mobility. Birch, however, did not understand how to use his tactical advantage, and in the following months Lingen managed to replace some of the horses and resumed attacks on parliamentary troops.

The "Roaring Meg", a mortar that was used against the castle in March 1646

In June Birch returned and besieged the castle himself. Finding that it was too strong to be taken by direct attack, he began digging trenches instead, which would enable him to deploy artillery. The attacks of the parliamentarians destroyed the water pipe in the castle and the cisterns in the castle courtyard were destroyed by exploding grenades, whereby the garrison had to rely on the old draw well. Since the occupation of the castle still did not surrender, Colonel Birch had an enormous mortar called "Roaring Meg" built, which could fire gunpowder-filled grenades weighing 85-90 kg.

Birch concentrated his efforts on the north-west tower, using his mortar against walls and additionally undermining the foundations with his appeals . Lingen responded with counter mines under the Roundhead tunnels. Presumably this tactic would even have been successful, but Birch moved his mortar forward under cover of darkness and attacked the tower from a short distance, so that it collapsed and buried Lingen's countermines under itself. After only four barrels of gunpowder and 30 barrels of beer remained and a direct attack by the parliamentarians was imminent, the royalists surrendered. According to tradition, the garrison withdrew to the tunes of Sir Henry Lingen's Fancy .

Despite the destruction, Tyler was able to retreat to the castle, which was now protected by a small garrison of parliamentarians. After investigations by the parliamentary envoys Brown and Selden , the castle was razed the following year , so that it was no longer possible to defend it. The Countess of Kent, the new owner of the castle, received £ 1000 in damages but then decided not to rebuild the fortress because it was practically uninhabitable at the time.

18th and 19th centuries

The picturesque ruins of the castle inspired many artists, such as B. David Cox , who painted this watercolor in 1815.

After the Civil War, Goodrich Castle remained in the possession of the Earls of Kent until 1740 , when Henry Gray sold it to Admiral Thomas Griffin . Griffin commissioned some renovation work on the castle but left it in ruins.

In the 1780s the concept of the picturesque ruin was popularized by the English painter William Gilpin . Goodrich Castle was one of the ruins mentioned in his 1782 book Observations on the River Wye , where he wrote that the castle was an example of a "quintessentially picturesque" landscape. At that time the castle was in a state of slow decline. Theodore Fielding , an early Victorian historian, noted:

"(...) the castle's situation, far from human dwellings, and the stillness with that solitude, insures to its precinct, leaves contemplation to all the solemnity, that is inspired by the sight of grandeur sinking in dignity, into decay" .: “(...) the location of the castle, far away from human dwellings, and the silence with this loneliness, secures its borders, leaves its consolation for all its solemnity, which is inspired by the look of decaying size, which is falling in dignity. ")

The Regency and Victorian painters David Cox and William Callow also painted the castle and the surrounding landscape, thereby reviving the picturesque, romantic atmosphere that was typical of the time.

The castle has been hailed by William Wordsworth as "the finest ruin in Herefordshire". Wendworth first visited Goodrich Castle in 1793 and an encounter with a little girl while exploring the ruins made him write the poem We are Seven in 1798 . Other poets of the time were also inspired by the castle ruins, e. B. Henry Neale 1827.

In the 1820s, visitors could buy an early guide from the castle that told the history of Goodrich Castle, and in Victorian times they had to pay sixpence to tour the castle. In the early 1820s, the archaeologist Samuel Rush Meyrick tried to buy the property and wanted to turn the castle back into a privately used house, but failed to convince the owners of the time to sell. Instead, Meyrick had the neo-Gothic Goodrich Court built in a similar style next door, which Wordsworth disliked when he returned to Goodrich Castle in 1841 and discovered that the new building had spoiled his views. The new bridge over the River Wye, which was built in 1828, and the railway line, which was built in 1873, attracted more visitors.

Goodrich Castle then passed through several hands until in 1915 the Office of Works began discussions with the then owner, Mrs. Edmund Bosanquet . Large-scale collapses of parts of the northwest tower and the curtain wall in 1919 led to Bosanquet's decision to transfer the castle to the Commissioner of Works in 1920 . He initiated a program of repairs and stabilization of the ruins in their current state.

today

The ruins, pictured here by Hugh William 'Grecian' Williams in 1801, a landmark in Victorian times .

Today Goodrich Castle is considered by historians to be "the most brilliant (ruin) in the county and one of the finest examples of English military architecture." The castle is classified as a Grade I Historic Building and a Scheduled Monument .

There are still extensive remains of the castle, now managed by English Heritage and open to the public. Goodrich Court on the neighboring property was demolished in 1949, restoring the original landscape. The Roaring Meg mortar , obtained from Herefordshire Council , was brought back to the property along with a number of cannonballs from the English Civil War found during excavations at Goodrich in the 1920s.

Sagas and ghosts

There are various legends surrounding Goodrich Castle. The donjon is also called "Macbeth's Tower" after legends about an Irish chief who was held prisoner there. According to legend, he died trying to escape and his ghost is said to still be there.

The events of the English Civil War also left their mark there. It is said that Colonel Birch's niece, Alice Birch , fell in love with a handsome royalist, Charles Clifford . According to legend, the two tried to flee before the last attack, but died in a flash flood when they tried to cross the River Wye and now live as ghosts on the property.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Lise E. Hull, Stephen Whitehorne: Great Castles of Britain & Ireland. New Holland Publishers, London 2008. ISBN 978-1-84773-130-2 . P. 37.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Adrian Pettifer: English Castles: A Guide by Counties. Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1995. ISBN 978-0-85115-782-5 . P. 96.
  3. ↑ James Sargant Storer, John Greig: The antiquarian and topographical cabinet: containing a series of elegant views of the most interesting objects of curiosity in Great Britain, with letter-press descriptions . Volume 5. W. Clarke, London 1809.
  4. ^ OH Creighton: Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England. Equinox, London 2002. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8 . P. 43.
  5. ^ MW Thompson: The Rise of the Castle. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1991. ISBN 978-0-521-08853-4 . P. 65.
  6. ^ A b Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 17.
  7. ^ Lise E. Hull: Britain's Medieval Castles. Praeger, Westport 2006. ISBN 978-0-275-98414-4 . P. 54.
  8. ^ Lise E. Hull: Britain's Medieval Castles. Praeger, Westport 2006. ISBN 978-0-275-98414-4 . P. 37.
  9. ^ Adrian Pettifer: English Castles: A Guide by Counties. Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1995. ISBN 978-0-85115-782-5 . Pp. 96-97.
  10. ^ MW Thompson: The Rise of the Castle. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1991. ISBN 978-0-521-08853-4 . P. 114.
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g Adrian Pettifer: English Castles: A Guide by Counties. Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1995. ISBN 978-0-85115-782-5 . P. 97.
  12. ↑ Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 5. (Commentary on the use of the same craftsmen on different castles)
  13. ↑ a b Lise E. Hull: Britain's Medieval Castles. Praeger, Westport 2006. ISBN 978-0-275-98414-4 . P. 64.
  14. ^ A b c d e Gabriel Alington: Borderlands: the History and Romance of the Herefordshire marches. Gracewing, Leominster 1998. ISBN 0-85244-475-3 . P. 36.
  15. ^ MW Thompson: The Rise of the Castle. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1991. ISBN 978-0-521-08853-4 . P. 133.
  16. ^ Norman John Greville Pounds: The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a social and political history. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3 . P. 240.
  17. ↑ Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 11.
  18. ↑ Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 7.
  19. ↑ The link between the castle and the development of radar is flight VS9977, which crashed near Goodrich Castle in 1942 while testing advanced radar systems, killing well-known British scientist Alan Blumlein .
  20. ^ A b Anthony Emery: Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300–1500: Southern England. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-58132-5 . P. 32.
  21. ↑ Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 22.
  22. ^ Anthony Emery: Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300–1500: Southern England. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-58132-5 . P. 477.
  23. ^ Anthony Emery: Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300–1500: Southern England. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-58132-5 . P. 688.
  24. ↑ Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 24.
  25. ↑ Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 25.
  26. ^ Theodore Henry Fielding: British castles: or, a compendious history of the ancient military structures of Great Britain. Rowlett and Brimmer, London 1825. p. 61.
  27. ^ A b c d Edward William Brayley, William Tombleson: A Series of Views of the Most Interesting Remains of Ancient Castles of England and Wales. Longman, London 1823. p. 2.
  28. ^ Thomas Wright: The history of Ludlow and its neighborhood: forming a popular sketch of the history of the Welsh border. Longman, London 1852. p. 85.
  29. ↑ a b c d Anthony Emery: Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300-1500: Southern England. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-58132-5 . P. 474.
  30. ^ Danny Danziger, John Gillingham: 1215: The Year of the Magna Carta. Coronet Books, London 2003. ISBN 978-0-7432-5778-7 . Pp. 217-232.
  31. ↑ a b c d e Lise E. Hull, Stephen Whitehorne: Great Castles of Britain & Ireland. New Holland Publishers, London 2008. ISBN 978-1-84773-130-2 . P. 38.
  32. ↑ Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 30.
  33. ^ A b Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 16.
  34. ↑ a b c Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 29.
  35. ↑ Radford notes that Fitz Baderon donated lands in connection with the castle in 1144.
  36. ^ Courtenay Arthur Ralegh Radford: Goodrich Castle, Herefordshire. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London 1958. p. 3.
  37. ↑ David Crouch: William Marshal: knighthood, war and chivalry, 1147-1219. Pearson Education, Harlow 2002. ISBN 978-0-582-77222-9 . P. 93.
  38. ^ Adrian Pettifer: English Castles: A Guide by Counties. Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1995. ISBN 978-0-85115-782-5 . P. 37.
  39. ↑ a b c Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 31.
  40. ^ A b Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 32.
  41. ↑ a b c Anthony Emery: Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300-1500: Southern England. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-58132-5 . P. 539.
  42. ↑ a b c Anthony Emery: Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300-1500: Southern England. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-58132-5 . P. 57.
  43. ^ Anthony Emery: Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300–1500: Southern England. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-58132-5 . P. 16.
  44. ↑ PC Doherty: Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II. Robinson, London 2003. pp. 74-75.
  45. ^ Alison Weir: Queen Isabella: She-Wolf of France, Queen of England. Pimlico Books, London 2006. ISBN 978-1-84505-970-5 . P. 138.
  46. ^ John Rickard: The Castle Community: the Personnel of English and Welsh Castles, 1272-1422. Boydell Press, Woodbridge 2002. ISBN 978-0-85115-913-3 . P. 37.
  47. ^ John Rickard: The Castle Community: the Personnel of English and Welsh Castles, 1272-1422. Boydell Press, Woodbridge 2002. ISBN 978-0-85115-913-3 . P. 242.
  48. ↑ Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 38.
  49. ^ L. Valentine: Picturesque England: its landmarks and historical haunts as described in lay and legend, song and story. F. Warne, 1893. p. 439.
  50. ^ A b Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 39.
  51. ↑ Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 40.
  52. ^ A b Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 41.
  53. ↑ a b c Stephen C. Manganiello: The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland and Ireland, 1639-1660. Scarecrow Press, Lanham 2004. ISBN 978-0-8108-5100-9 . P. 226.
  54. ^ A b Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 42.
  55. ↑ Thomas Dudley Fosbrooke: The Wye tour: or, Gilpin on the Wye . Farror, Ross 1818. OCLC 319984569. p. 43 . Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  56. ^ CV Wedgwood: The King's War: 1641-1647. Fontana, London 1970. pp. 496-497.
  57. ↑ a b c A. ES Musty: Roaring Meg: Test Firing a Copy of Colonel Birch's Civil War Mortar. Archaeological and Archival, with Mainmast Conservation, Hereford 2007. ISBN 978-0-9556333-0-0 . P. 4.
  58. ↑ a b c A. ES Musty: Roaring Meg: Test Firing a Copy of Colonel Birch's Civil War Mortar. Archaeological and Archival, with Mainmast Conservation, Hereford 2007. ISBN 978-0-9556333-0-0 . P. 5.
  59. ↑ a b c d e f g Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 43.
  60. ^ Charles John Robinson: A history of the castles of Herefordshire and their lords. Longman, London 1869. p. 68.
  61. ↑ Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 44.
  62. ^ Charles John Robinson: A history of the castles of Herefordshire and their lords. Longman, London 1869. p. 69.
  63. ^ Courtenay Arthur Ralegh Radford: Goodrich Castle, Herefordshire. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London 1958. p. 4.
  64. ↑ Harry Francis Mallgrave: Modern Architectural Theory: a Historical Survey, 1673-1968. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005. ISBN 978-0-521-79306-3 . P. 60.
  65. ^ Theodore Henry Fielding: British castles: or, a compendious history of the ancient military structures of Great Britain. Rowlett and Brimmer, London 1825. p. 62.
  66. ^ Matthew Hargreaves: Great British Watercolors: from the Paul Mellon collection. Yale University Press, Yale 2007. ISBN 978-0-300-11658-8 . P. 184.
  67. ^ A b William Wordsworth: The Prose Works of William Wordsworth. Echo Library, Cirencester 2005. ISBN 978-1-84637-482-1 . P. 338.
  68. ^ Henry Neele: Lectures on English poetry: from the reign of Edward the Third, to the time of Burns and Cowper . 2nd Edition. Smith and Elder, London 1830. p. 530.
  69. ↑ Samuel Griswald Goodrich: Recollections of a Lifetime Or Men and Things I Have Seen in a Series of Familiar Letters to a Friend. Kessinger 1852/2005 . ISBN 978-0-548-07479-4 . P. 523.
  70. ↑ John Rose Greene Hassard: A Pickwickian Pilgrimage. Osgood, Boston 1881. p. 145.
  71. ^ John Harris: Moving Rooms: the Trade in Architectural Salvages. Yale University Press, Yale 2007. ISBN 978-0-300-12420-0 . P. 123.
  72. ↑ We are Seven . Bartleby. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  73. ↑ After the Second World War, Goodrich Court was demolished again.
  74. ↑ Jeremy Ashbee: Goodrich Castle. English Heritage, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-85074-942-4 . P. 45.
  75. ↑ The railway line was closed in 1959.
  76. ^ Goodrich Castle . Historic England. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  77. ^ John Harris: Moving Rooms: the Trade in Architectural Salvages. Yale University Press, Yale 2007. ISBN 978-0-300-12420-0 . P. 291.
  78. ↑ `` Goodrich Castle ''. English Heritage. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  79. ^ Lionel Fanthorpe, Patricia Fanthorpe: The World's Most Mysterious Castles. Dundurn Press, Toronto 2005. ISBN 978-1-55002-577-4 . P. 169.

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Commons : Goodrich Castle  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 51 ° 52 ′ 36.5 "  N , 2 ° 36 ′ 56.9"  W.