Skull Morel

Skull Morel
	Skull morel ( Morchella semilibera ) between wild garlic ( Allium ursinum )
Systematics
Subdivision :	Real ascent mushrooms (Pezizomycotina)
Class :	Pezizomycetes
Order :	Cuplets (Pezizales)
Family :	Morel relatives (Morchellaceae)
Genre :	Morels ( Morchella )
Type :	Skull Morel
Scientific name
	Morchella semilibera
	Pers.

The cap morel ( Morchella semilibera , syn .: Morchella gigas ), also called bell morel or semi-free morel , is a type of mushroom from the genus of morels ( Morchella ). It is part of a small species aggregate of Norway morels ( Morchella sect. Distantes subsect. Papyraceae ) with a semi-free hat (at least one third of the hat goes beyond the point where the stem grew).

features

The cap-morel forms 10 to 20 centimeters high, hollow fruiting bodies divided into cap and stem (complex apothecien ). Compared to the stem, the hat part is small, cap-shaped and only the upper half is fused with the stem. It is divided by more or less vertical longitudinal ribs and irregular, less developed transverse ribs, which give the hat a honeycomb- like structure. The surface of the cap is light to dark brown, the longitudinal ribs blacken as the fruiting body matures. The stem becomes 4 to 8 inches long and 1 to 3 inches wide, it is hollow and thin, fragile and somewhat thickened at the base. It is a bit pitted, initially whitish and becomes pale leather-colored with age. The surface is covered with fine pustular granules.

distribution

The skullcap is widespread in Eurasia. Its distribution area extends in the southwest of Spain (Andalusia) across Europe, Asia Minor to India.

ecology

The skullcap morel has a very broad ecological potential. It grows in moist, humus-rich meadows, in gardens, parks, forests and on streams. The fruiting bodies appear in Central Europe from April to May.

Systematics

The kappchen morel belongs to the sub-section Morchella subsect together with four other species . Papyraceae (as part of the Morchella section sect. Distantes ). Within this subsection the three Eurasian species Morchella semilibera , Morchella iberica and Morchella pakistanica are closely related and form a sister group to the two North American representatives Morchella populiphila and Morchella punctipes .

Possible confusion (in Europe)

The skull-cap morel can easily be separated from other morels such as morels, thanks to its small, cap-shaped hat that protrudes freely over the stem (about half of the hat protrudes). B. the pointed morel or the table morel can be distinguished. The Wrinkled Verpel can look quite similar due to its protruding hat. Your hat is more wrinkled than honeycomb ribbed and also only attached to the stem at the tip, so that it extends almost completely over the stem. The stem is also loosely filled with cotton wool, later hollow and has a sticky (instead of dotted) surface. With the microscope, the wrinkled Verpel can be recognized very easily by the two-pore asci with very large spores.

The closely related species Morchella iberica, Morchella pakistanica, Morchella populiphila and Morchella punctipes are particularly similar .

Neither Morchella pakistanica nor Morchella punctipes have been detected in Europe so far. According to the current status in Europe, it is therefore not possible to confuse it with the skullcap morel due to the different distribution areas. With the help of the barcoding region ITS (rDNA) it is possible to differentiate between all five previously known semi-free morels ( Morchella subsect. Papyraceae ).

Along with Morchella semilibera, Morchella iberica is the only representative of this subsection in Europe. It differs macroscopically from the skullcap morel due to the late stretching of the stem, which makes the fruiting body appear more compact, due to the subsect for Morchella . Papyraceae unusually large number of honeycombs (over 20 honeycombs per viewing direction) and the hat only a third of the length of the hat (in the case of the morel skull cap it is about half the hat length). In addition, the spores are slightly smaller than those of the skull cap morel. According to the current state of knowledge, Morchella iberica is a Mediterranean species that is known to date from northern Spain and Turkey ( Antalya ).

Morchella populiphila , originally native to North America, was introduced to Europe (Spain) and Turkey through hybrid poplar plantings . It differs from the skullcap in that, as with Morchella iberica , the stem extends relatively late. In addition, 2/3 of her hat is free. Morchella populiphila can be differentiated microscopically by the size of the sterile cells on the edges of the ribs, by the ascus lengths and by small differences in the spore dimensions.

meaning

The skullcap morel is edible. Like all morels in Germany, it is under nature protection and should be preserved as a rarity.

literature

Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide. All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-440-08457-4 .
Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Mushrooms of Switzerland. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 1: Ascomycetes (Ascomycetes). 2nd, corrected edition. Mykologia, Luzern 1984, ISBN 3-85604-011-0 .

Web links

Commons : Skull Morel ( Morchella semilibera ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Page with pictures

Individual evidence

↑ Marcel Bon : "Parey's Book of Mushrooms" . Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-440-14982-9 , p. 326 (English: The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-western Europe .).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Philippe Clowez, Javier Marcos Martinez, Raymon Sanjaume, Guilhermina Marques, Jean-Michel Bellanger: A survey of half-free morels in Spain reveals a new species: Morchella iberica sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Pezizales) . February 15, 2020, p. 1392 kB , doi : 10.25664 / ART-0291 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c İsmail Acar, Yusuf Uzun: An Interesting Half-Free Morel Record for Turkish Mycobiota (Morchella populiphila M. Kuo, MC Carter & JD Moore) . In: Ekim . tape 8 , no. 2 , 2017, p. 125-128 , doi : 10.15318 / Fungus.2017.42 .
↑ Xi-Hui Du, Qi Zhao, Zhu L. Yang, Karen Hansen, Hatira Taşkin: How well do ITS rDNA sequences differentiate species of true morels (Morchella)? In: Mycologia . tape 104 , no. 6 , November 2012, ISSN 0027-5514 , p. 1351-1368 , doi : 10.3852 / 12-056 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Breitenbach, Josef .: Pilze der Schweiz / 1, Ascomyceten (sac fungi). 2nd ed. Verlag Mykologia, Luzern 1984, ISBN 3-85604-011-0 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Arora, David .: Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi . 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley 1986, ISBN 0-89815-170-8 .
^ ^A ^b Franck Richard, Jean-Michel Bellanger, Philippe Clowez, Karen Hansen, Kerry O'Donnell: True morels (Morchella, Pezizales) of Europe and North America: evolutionary relationships inferred from multilocus data and a unified taxonomy . In: Mycologia . tape 107 , no. 2 , March 2015, ISSN 0027-5514 , p. 359-382 , doi : 10.3852 / 14-166 .

[bon-1] Marcel Bon : "Parey's Book of Mushrooms" . Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-440-14982-9 , p. 326 (English: The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-western Europe .).

[:2-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Philippe Clowez, Javier Marcos Martinez, Raymon Sanjaume, Guilhermina Marques, Jean-Michel Bellanger: A survey of half-free morels in Spain reveals a new species: Morchella iberica sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Pezizales) . February 15, 2020, p. 1392 kB , doi : 10.25664 / ART-0291 .

[:1-3] İsmail Acar, Yusuf Uzun: An Interesting Half-Free Morel Record for Turkish Mycobiota (Morchella populiphila M. Kuo, MC Carter & JD Moore) . In: Ekim . tape 8 , no. 2 , 2017, p. 125-128 , doi : 10.15318 / Fungus.2017.42 .

[4] Xi-Hui Du, Qi Zhao, Zhu L. Yang, Karen Hansen, Hatira Taşkin: How well do ITS rDNA sequences differentiate species of true morels (Morchella)? In: Mycologia . tape 104 , no. 6 , November 2012, ISSN 0027-5514 , p. 1351-1368 , doi : 10.3852 / 12-056 .

[:3-5] Breitenbach, Josef .: Pilze der Schweiz / 1, Ascomyceten (sac fungi). 2nd ed. Verlag Mykologia, Luzern 1984, ISBN 3-85604-011-0 .

[:4-6] Arora, David .: Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi . 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley 1986, ISBN 0-89815-170-8 .

[:0-7] A ^b Franck Richard, Jean-Michel Bellanger, Philippe Clowez, Karen Hansen, Kerry O'Donnell: True morels (Morchella, Pezizales) of Europe and North America: evolutionary relationships inferred from multilocus data and a unified taxonomy . In: Mycologia . tape 107 , no. 2 , March 2015, ISSN 0027-5514 , p. 359-382 , doi : 10.3852 / 14-166 .