Cup-like

Cup-like
Orange cup Ling ( Aleuria aurantia )
Systematics
Empire : Mushrooms (fungi) Sub-kingdom : Dikarya Department : Ascomycota mushrooms Subdivision : Real ascent mushrooms (Pezizomycotina) Class : Pezizomycetes Order : Cup-like
Scientific name of the  class
Pezizomycetes
OE Erikss. & Winka
Scientific name of the  order
Pezizales
J. Schröt.

The cup- shaped mushrooms (Pezizales) are an order of the Ascomycota and include many of the Ascomycota mushrooms used as edible mushrooms, including the truffle . They alone form the class of Pezizomycetes .

features

The fruiting bodies are apothecia or Kleistothecia , which are usually visible to the naked eye. They are meaty or leathery in consistency. Many species are brightly or darkly colored by carotenoids . Paraphyses are formed. The asci are usually elongated and cylindrical, in celestial types also rounded. The asci are thin-walled and have no noticeable apical thickening or apical apparatus. At the tip of the ascus there is an operculum or a vertical slit , except in custodial types . The ascospores are violently ejected through these structures. The ascospores are mostly ellipsoidal or spherical, hyaline to darkly pigmented, smooth or provided with surface structures.

Anamorphic ones are hyphomycetic if known.

Way of life

The species are saprobionts on the ground, dead wood or on dung. Some species, such as the truffle , also live hypogean (underground) and form mycorrhiza .

Systematics

The cup-like mushrooms are the sister group of the other real hose mushrooms. They form a natural family group, so they are a monophyletic taxon . The same is almost certainly true of the individual families.

The following families are included in the order (with selected genera and species):

• Ascobolaceae with 4 genera
  • Ascobolus
  • Cubonia
  • Saccobolus
  • Thecotheus
• Ascodesmidaceae with 11 genera
• Caloscyphaceae with 2 genera
  • Caloscypha
  • Callistoskypha
• Chorioactidaceae with 5 genera
• Discinaceae with 5 genera
  • Discina
  • Gymnohydnotrya
  • Poison laurel ( Gyromitra )
    • Spring poison lobster
  • Hydnotrya
  • Pseudorhizina
• Glaziellaceae with a single genus
  • Glaziella
• Helvellaceae with 5 genera
  • Helvella
    • Autumn Laurel ( Helvella crispa )
• Karstenellaceae with a single genus
  • Karstenella
• Morchellaceae with 8 genera
  • Disciotis
    • Morel cupling ( Disciotis venosa )
  • Morels ( Morchella )
  • Verpeln ( Verpa )
• Otideaceae with 8 genera
  • Earlings ( Otidea )
• Pezizaceae with 33 genera
  • Carbomyces had its own family until 2017 (Carbomycetaceae)
  • Peziza
• Fire pillow relatives (Pyronemataceae) with 45 genera
• Root orchel relatives (Rhizinaceae) with 3 genera
  • Phymatotrichopsis
  • Psilopezia
  • Rhizina
    • Root orchel ( Rhizina undulata )
• Sarcoscyphaceae with 13 genera
  • Sarcoscypha
    • Vermilion goblet cup ( Sarcoscypha coccinea )
    • Globular gelatinous cup or gelatinous ball ( Sarcosoma globosum )
• Gelatinous sphere relatives (Sarcosomataceae) with 9 genera
• Tuberaceae with 7 genera
  • Real truffles ( tuber )
• Pezizales incertae sedis (not assigned to any family)
  • Aparaphysaria
  • Ascocalathium
  • Boudierella
  • Cephaliophora
  • Cidaris
  • Dennisiopsis
  • Filicupula
  • Coal Cups Geopyxis
  • Heydenia
  • Hiemsia
  • Hydnocystis
  • Hypotarzetta
  • Lamprospora
  • Lasiobolidium
  • Lazuardia
  • Leucoscypha
  • Loculotuber
  • Microeurotium
  • Mycoarctium
  • Mycogalopsis
  • Neottiella
  • Moss cuplings ( Octospora )
  • Octosporella
  • Octosporopsis
  • Orbicula
  • Orcadia
  • Paurocotylis
  • Pseudoboubovia
  • Pseudombrophila
  • Pulvinula
  • Rhodoscypha
  • Rhodotarzetta
  • Solanella
  • Sphaerosoma
  • Stephensia
  • Cup cups ( Tarzetta )

literature

• Sina M. Adl et al: The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists. In: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 52 (5), 2005, pp. 399-451. doi : 10.1111 / j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ F. Lutzoni include: Assembling the fungal tree of life: Progress, classification, and evolution of Subcellular traits. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 91, 2004, pp. 1446-1480.
2. ↑ Nalin N. Wijayawardene, Kevin D. Hyde, H. Thorsten Lumbsch, Jian Kui Liu, Sajeewa SN Maharachchikumbura, Anusha H. Ekanayaka, Qing Tian, ​​Rungtiwa Phookamsak: Outline of Ascomycota: 2017 . In: Fungal Diversity . tape 88 , 2018, p. 167-263 , doi : 10.1007 / s13225-018-0394-8 .
3. ^ Donald H. Pfister, Caroline Slater, Karen Hansen: Chorioactidaceae: a new family in the Pezizales (Ascomycota) with four genera. In: Mycological Research. Vol. 112, No. 5, 2008, pp. 513-527. doi: 10.1016 / j.mycres.2007.11.016
4. ↑ M. Carbone, C. Agnello, P. Alvarado: Phylogenetic studies in the family Sarcosomataceae (Ascomycota, Pezizales). In: Ascomycete.org. Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2013, pp. 1–12 ( PDF) .

Web links

Commons : Pezizales  - collection of images, videos and audio files