Real truffles

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Real truffles
White truffle (Tuber magnatum)

White truffle ( Tuber magnatum )

Systematics
Department : Ascomycota mushrooms
Subdivision : Real ascent mushrooms (Pezizomycotina)
Class : Pezizomycetes
Order : Cuplets (Pezizales)
Family : Related truffle (Tuberaceae)
Genre : Real truffles
Scientific name
Tuber
P. Micheli ex FH Wigg.

The real truffles ( tuber ) are a genus of mushrooms from the truffle-related family . The species form a mycorrhiza with trees and fructify underground in the form of tubers . The cross-section of the marbled meat is striking. The genus contains some coveted edible mushrooms that are tracked down with trained truffle dogs , collected and sold as a delicacy at high prices.

features

A tube with 4 spores of Tuber oregonense under the light microscope

Macroscopic features

The real truffles form underground, spherical-tuberous hazelnut to head-sized fruiting bodies . Their surface is often bumpy, the trama is fleshy and tough and yellowish to dark brown in color, it can be full-fleshed or provided with cavities. The gleba is marbled with veins of different colors, light-colored veins, the so-called "external veins", open onto the surface of the fruiting bodies. The often strong odor of the fruiting bodies is noticeable.

Microscopic features

A hymenium is not formed, the almost spherical Asci are nester-like in Gleba scattered, they contain a reduced number of Asco spore , usually less than eight, the broadly ellipsoidal ascospores are usually ornamented remarkably complex.

ecology

The species of the genus live in an ecto mycorrhizal symbiosis with deciduous trees, often with oaks or hazelnuts , they are mainly found in warm areas. They fruit with subterranean ( hypogean ), bulbous fruiting bodies. They attract animals that eat the fruiting bodies and spread their spores ( zoochory ). This is probably due to the fragrances secreted especially at the time of maturity of the spores, attractive nutrients, and seasonal extensive availability of the underground fruiting bodies.

species

The genus includes 86 species. Around 30 species occur in Europe or can be expected there.

Real truffles ( tuber ) in Europe 
German name Scientific name Author quote
Olive brown truffle Tuber anniae W. Colgan & Trappe 1997
Mediterranean truffles Tuber asa Tulasne 1851
Bellones truffles Tuber bellonei
described as "Bellonae" 		Quélet 1888
White wide mesh truffles Tuber bernardinii L. Gori 2003
Summer or Burgundy truffles Tuber blotii Eudes-Deslongchamps 1824
Whitish truffles Tuber borchii Vittadini 1831
Winter truffles Tuber brumale Vittadini 1831
Rockrose Truffle Tuber cistophilum P. Alvarado, G. Moreno, Manjón, Gelpi & J. Muñoz 2012
Earthy-smelling truffles Tuber decipiens Bozac, Širić & Kos 2012
Knotty truffles Tuber donnagotto Bozac, Širić & Kos 2012
Silesian truffles Tuber dryophilum Tulasne 1844
Hollowed out truffles Tuber excavatum Vittadini 1831
Light dwarf truffles Tuber exiguum R. Hesse 1891
Smelly truffles Tuber foetidum Vittadini 1831
Orange-red or orange-brown hard truffles Tuber fulgens Quélet 1880
Gennadis truffles Tuber gennadi (Chatin 1896) Patouillard 1903
Fluffy truffles Tuber gibbosum Harkness 1899
Large spore or Rhenish truffles Tuber macrosporum Vittadini 1831
Spotted truffles Tuber maculatum Vittadini 1831
Piedmont, Alba or White Truffle Tuber magnatum (Pico 1788) Vittadini 1831
Soft truffles Tuber malacodermum Fischer 1923
Malencons truffles Tuber malenconii Donadini, Riousset, G. Riousset & G. Chevalier 1979
Périgord or black truffle Tuber melanosporum Vittadini 1831
Smooth truffles Tuber melosporum (G. Moreno, J. Díez & Manjón 2000) P. Alvarado, G. Moreno, JL Manjón & Díez 2012
Tar truffle or black mesentery truffle Tuber mesentericum Vittadini 1831
Small-pore truffles Tuber microsporum Vittadini 1831
Fine-meshed truffles Tuber multimaculatum Parladé, Trappe & IF Alvarez in IF Alvarez et al. 1993 ('1992')
Yellow-brown truffles Tuber nitidum Vittadini 1831
Low spore truffles Tuber oligospermum (Tulasne & C. Tulasne 1851) Bustard 1979
Coconut truffle Tuber panniferum Tulasne & C. Tulasne 1851
Chinese hollow truffles Tuber pseudoexcavatum Y. Wang, G. Moreno, Riousset, Manjón & G. Riousset 1998
Downy dwarf truffles Tuberosity Berkeley & Broome 1846
Horseradish Truffle Tuber rapaeodorum Tulasne 1843
Hazelnut-sized truffles Tuber regianum Montecchi & Lazzari 1987
Requiens truffles Tuber requienii Tulasne & C. Tulasne 1851
Red-brownish truffles Tuber rufum Pollini 1816

Non-European species (selection)

meaning

The genus includes some of the most desirable and expensive edible mushrooms . In the Mediterranean region and New Zealand, they are partly cultivated in truffle forests, in which oaks that are artificially infected with truffles are planted. In Germany, all species of the genus are protected under the Federal Species Protection Ordinance and may not be collected.

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ewald Gerhardt: FSVO manual mushrooms . 3. Edition. BLV, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-405-14737-9 (639 pages; one-volume new edition of the BLV intensive guide mushrooms 1 and 2).
  2. ↑ Chris Maser, James M. Trappe, Ronald A. Nussbaum: Fungal-small mammal interrelationships with emphasis on Oregon coniferous forests . In: Ecological Society of America (Ed.): Ecology . tape 59 , 4, Sommer, 1978, pp. 799–809 (English, ir.library.oregonstate.edu [PDF; accessed on May 10, 2014]).
  3. ^ Paul M. Kirk, Paul F. Cannon, David W. Minter, JA Stalpers: Dictionary of the Fungi . 10th ed. CABI Europe, Wallingford, Oxfordshire (UK) 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 (784 pages).
  4. ↑ Achim Bollmann, Andreas Gminder , Peter Reil: List of illustrations of large European mushrooms . In: Yearbook of the Black Forest mushroom teaching show . 4th edition. tape 2 . Schwarzwälder Pilzlehrschau, 2007, ISSN  0932-920X (301 pages; directory of the color images of almost all large European mushrooms (> 5 mm) incl. CD with over 600 species descriptions).
  5. ^ German Society for Mycology: The positive list of edible mushrooms. June 20, 2019, accessed August 3, 2020.

Web links

Commons : Real Truffles ( Tuber )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files