Fire pillow relatives
| Fire pillow relatives | ||||||||||||
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Orange-red cup ( Aleuria aurantia ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Pyronemataceae | ||||||||||||
| Corda |
The fire pillow relatives (Pyronemataceae) form by far the largest family in the order of the cup-like (Pezizales) within the department of the hose mushrooms . It comprises 80 genera with more than 660 species and thus represents about half of all species in its order. Recent phylogenetic studies indicate that the currently described family is polyphyletic.
features
The fire pillow relatives constitute the largest family in the order of the cup-like Ling , allowing them to be very different in form and appearance. The apothecium can be stalked or sessile, cup-shaped to disc-shaped, cushion-shaped or twisted. Underground, truffle-like fruit bodies are also known. The apothecia size varies between <1 mm and 12 cm in diameter. They can be colored vividly by carotenoid pigments. There is no common morphological feature within the family, which is why several authors have tried unsuccessfully to split them up into several families.
Ecology and diffusion
The species of the family are mainly distributed in temperate to arctic-alpine areas, a few species are also found in the tropics. A large number of substrates are colonized ecologically , they live on the ground as well as on dung, wood, burn sites, urine or moss. The majority live saprobionic , but the nutritional strategy of most species has not yet been adequately researched. Several genera are considered to be moss parasites, but ectomycorrhiza formers have also been documented.
Taxonomy
Perry and authors (2007) examined the Pyronemataceae phylogenetically and confirmed the hypothesis that they do not form a monophyletic unit. Nevertheless, the majority was within a single clade , which, however, was only weakly secured statistically. In total they are divided into 14 clades, the former family Ascodesmidaceae is clearly a monophyletic clade within the Pyronemataceae. However, the data so far are not sufficient to divide the family into several families. The families of gelatinous ball relatives (Sarcosomataceae) and cup relatives (Sarcoscyphaceae) were confirmed as independent sister families of the Pyronemataceae.
Genera
The following generic list is based on the "Outline of Ascomycota". The 3 genera of the former family Ascodesmidaceae Ascodesmis , Eleutherascus and Lasiobolus are not yet included :
Acervus , Aleuria , Aleurina , Anthracobia , Aparaphysaria , Arpinia , Ascocalathium , Ascosparassis , Boubovia , Byssonectria , Boudierella , Chaetothiersia Chalazion , Cheilymenia , Cleistothelebolus , Dictyocoprotus , Eoaleurina , Galeoscypha , Genea , Geneosperma , Geopora , Geopyxis (with Common Kohlbecher Ling ( Geopyxis carbonaria ) ) Gilkeya , Hiemsia , Humaria , Hydnocystis , Hypotarzetta , Jafnea , Kotlabaea , Lamprospora , Lasiobolidium , Lathraeodiscus , Lazuardia , Leucoscypha , Luciotrichus , Melastiza , Miladina , Moravecia , Mycogalopsis , Nannfeldtiella , Neottiella , Nothojafnea , Octospora , Octosporella , Orbicula (uncertain assignment ) Otidea (with synonyms Otideopsis and Flavoscypha ) Oviascoma , Parascutellinia , Paratrichophaea , Paurocotylis , Petchiomyces , Phaeangium , Pseudaleuria , Pseudombrophila , Psilopezia , Pulvinula , Pyronema , Pyropyxis , Ramsbottomia , Rhizoblepharia , Rhodoscypha , Rhodotarzetta , Scutellinia , Smardaea , Sowerbyella ( with S owerbyella imperialis ), Sphaerosoma , Sphaerosporella , Spooneromyces , Stephensia , Tarzetta , Tricharina , Trichophaea , Trichophaeopsis , Warcupia , Wenyingia , Wilcoxina
swell
literature
- Brian A. Perry, Karen Hansen, Donald H. Pfister: A phylogenetic overview of the family Pyronemataceae (Ascomycota, Pezizales) . In: Mycological Research . tape 111 , no. 5 , 2007, p. 549-571 , doi : 10.1016 / j.mycres.2007.03.014 .
Individual evidence
- ^ A b OE Eriksson: Outline of Ascomycota . In: Myconet . tape 12 , 2006, p. 1-82 .
- ^ Paul M. Kirk, Paul F. Cannon, David W. Minter, JA Stalpers: Dictionary of the Fungi . 10th ed. CABI Europe, Wallingford, Oxfordshire (UK) 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 (784 pages).
- ^ Brian A. Perry, Karen Hansen, Donald H. Pfister: A phylogenetic overview of the family Pyronemataceae (Ascomycota, Pezizales) . In: Mycological Research . tape 111 , no. 5 , 2007, p. 549-571 , doi : 10.1016 / j.mycres.2007.03.014 .
- ^ JW Kimbrough: Arguments towards restricting the limits of the Pyronemataceae (Ascomycetes, Pezizales) . In: Memoirs of the New York Botanic Garden . tape 49 , 1989, pp. 326-335 .
- ↑ F.-E. Eckblad: The genera of operculate Discomycetes. A re-evaluation of their taxonomy, phylogeny and nomenclature . In: Norwegian Journal of Botany . tape 15 , 1968, p. 1-191 .
- ^ RP Korf: Synoptic key to the genera of Pezizales . In: Mycologia . tape 64 , 1972, p. 937-994 .
- ↑ Dieter Benkert: Bryoparasitic Pezizales: Ecology and Systematics . Fungi of Europe: Investigation and Conservation. Ed .: DN Pegler, L. Boddy, B. Ing, Paul M. Kirk. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1993, p. 147-156 .
- ^ P. Döbbeler: Studies on the moss parasites Pezizales related to Octospora . In: Nova Hedwigia . tape 31 , 1979, pp. 817-864 .
- ↑ ME Smith, JM Trappe, DM Rizzo: Genea , Genabea and Gilkeya gen. Nov .: ascomata and ectomycorrhiza formation in a Quercus woodland . In: Mycologia . tape 98 , 2006, pp. 699-716 .
- ^ AD Izzo, M. Meyer, JM Trappe, M. North, TD Bruns: Hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fungal species on roots and in small mammal diet in a mixed-conifer forest . In: Forest Science . tape 51 , 2005, p. 243-254 .
- ↑ BA Perry: Chaetothiersia vernalis , a new genus and species of Pyronemataceae (Ascomycota, Pezizales) from California . In: Fungal Diversity . tape 28 , 2008, p. 65-72 .
