Chamber bondage

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As Kammerknechtschaft ( lat. Servitudo Judaeorum ) is referred to in the 12th century in the Holy Roman Empire trained and formalized in the 13th century legal status of Jews under the special protection force were the king and for that the king paid protection money.

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The Kammerknechtschaft as a legal status for the Holy Roman Empire resident Jews was first used by Emperor Henry IV. (1050-1106) in the peace of 1103 announced and went back to the Wormser privilege of 1090. This privilege was Henry IV. The in Worms based Jews certified their rights in 1090. With the Worms privilege, a legal statute , a collection of legal norms, was created that was to shape the relationship between Jews and Christians for centuries, both positively and negatively, and extended to the following rights:

  • Protection of life and property ,
  • Freedom of economic activity,
  • Freedom of worship ,
  • Right to employ Christian domestic staff,
  • Autonomy of the Jewish community in internal Jewish legal matters
  • Establishing binding rules of procedure for disputes between Jews and Christians.

history

Friedrich II. (1194–1250) extended the Worms privilege in 1236 to all Jews in his area of jurisdiction and thus introduced chamber servitude as a monetary protection obligation for all Jews residing in the old Reich. Frederick II referred to the Jews as "chamber servants " ( servi camerae nostri ) and thus used the expression of " bondage to the Jews" ( perpetua servitus iudaeorum ), which was coined by the church and used by Pope Innocent III. on the IV Lateran Council 1205 and struck by Gregory IX. 1234 was incorporated into canon law in the Liber Extra . In the privilege of 1236, the Jews are assured of the protection of their property and freedom in trade - especially with regard to financial transactions. They were exempt from public courts and had their own jurisdiction. This made it possible for the Jews to apply Jewish law in some areas . In the Interregnum - an imperial period in the Middle Ages that began with the death of Frederick II in 1250 and did not end until 1273 with the election of Rudolf I as Roman-German king - servitude became more and more common as a result of the collapse of central imperial power Territorial princes over.

The legal status of chamber servitude had to be bought at a high price. Emperor Sigismund (1368–1437) demanded a third of his income from every Jew in the 15th century. In addition, the legal capacity of the Jews was limited. For example, they had no gun rights. Such restrictions on legal capacity were common to outsiders in the Middle Ages.

The same principles were passed down through the House of Habsburg in the secular Jewish law of Bohemia, Poland, Silesia and Hungary, where some of them were still in effect until the 18th century. The imperial legitimized claim to validity of the privileges was always in competition with ecclesiastical and territorial efforts to legally disadvantage the Jews.

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It is partly argued that chamber servitude ultimately “meant the application of ancient slave law to the legal status of the Jews, which made them de facto the economic property ( chamber property ) of those who had the Jewish shelf.” The chamber servant paradigm has “essential to Worsening of the legal situation of the Jews up to the end of the Middle Ages contributed ”and over time it has degenerated into“ an instrument of blatant exploitation ”.

literature

  • On the history of bondage. Communications from the General Archives of German Jews 1913, pp. 45–58, 186
  • Friedrich Battenberg : Chamber servitude . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages (LexMA). Volume 5, Artemis & Winkler, Munich / Zurich 1991, ISBN 3-7608-8905-0 , Sp. 891.
  • Friedrich Battenberg: The European Age of the Jews. To the development of a minority in the non-Jewish environment of Europe. Volume 1: From the beginnings to 1650. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1990, ISBN 3-534-11381-0 , pp. 101–110.
  • Friedrich Battenberg: The emperor's servants. Thoughts on the legal and social situation of the Jews in the late Middle Ages and early modern times. Historical magazine , 1987
  • Dietmar Willoweit : From protection of kings to bondage. In: Karlheinz Müller (Hrsg.): History and culture of Judaism. A series of lectures at the Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg (= sources and research on the history of the diocese and bishopric of Würzburg. Volume 38). Schöningh, Würzburg 1988, ISBN 3-87717-041-2 , pp. 71-90.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ E. Götzinger: Jews. Reallexicon of German antiquities. Leipzig 1885, pp. 459-465. zeno.org, accessed on June 3, 2020.
  2. ↑ Peter CA Schels: Chamber servitude medieval dictionary , accessed on June 3, 2020.
  3. ↑ Michael Buhlmann: Privilege and bondage of the Jews in Germany (July 1236). Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  4. ↑ cf. Peter Rauscher, Barbara Staudinger: Unruly chamber servants. The imperial measures for the collection of the “Crown Tax” and “Golden Sacrifice Pfennig” in the early modern period. Aschkenas 2004, pp. 313-363.
  5. ↑ Kurt Schubert : Jüdische Geschichte (= Beck'sche Reihe. 2018). Beck, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-406-39175-3 , p. 49.
  6. ↑ Eveline Brugger, Birgit Wiedl: Between Privilege and Persecution. Jewish life in the Middle Ages in Lower Austria. In: David . ( david.juden.at , accessed on June 3, 2020).
  7. ↑ Kurt Schubert: Jüdische Geschichte (= Beck'sche Reihe. 2018). Beck, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-406-39175-3 , p. 50.
  8. ↑ Peter CA Schels: Chamber servitude medieval dictionary , accessed on June 3, 2020.