Kampo
Kampō ( Japanese 漢 方 , also transliterated as Kanpō ) is the Japanese name for a herbal medicine (phytotherapy) that has its roots in traditional Chinese medicine , but under the specific conditions of traditional Japanese medicine it has emerged as an independent Japanese direction in the course of modern times formed. The name Kampō only came up in Japan when it was necessary to draw a line against western medicine, which was pushing into the country. In the background are the edo-period terms Kangaku ( 漢学 , Chinese customer), Rangaku ( 蘭 学 , Dutch customer ) and Rampō ( 蘭 方 , Dutch direction, Dutch recipes) as “godparents” . Kampō means something like "Chinese process", "Chinese recipes".
Unlike moxibustion and acupuncture, Kampō may only be used by licensed doctors in Japan today . Since many of the drugs have been imported since ancient times, in order to reduce this dependency, people in Japan began to select the most effective substances and subject them to pharmaceutical processing during the 19th century. This resulted in a higher degree of utilization and lower doses than in the Chinese recipes. At the same time, the number of drugs used fell. Traditional Chinese pharmacies have a drug supply of around 500 individual substances for the production of the usual formulations. In contrast, the Japanese Kampō medicine uses combination preparations of around 250 drugs. Statutory regulations force manufacturers to carry out rigorous residue controls for insecticides and herbicides as well as checks for microbiological contamination (e.g. aflatoxins) and heavy metal pollution.
In addition to the physical examination with tongue and pulse assessment, many representatives of Kampō medicine attach great importance to the abdominal wall diagnosis ( palpation) fukushin ( 腹 診 ), a specifically Japanese achievement.
history
Like many other disciplines, medicine in Japan developed in close exchange with China. With the sending of embassies to China from 600 and up to 894, Chinese medicine also came to the Japanese islands. Ishinpō ( 医 心 方 , 982), which was compiled from Chinese works during the Heian period , is the oldest medical script by a Japanese author. Over the first few centuries, the Chinese teachings were adopted largely unchanged.
A sustainable, independent perspective did not emerge until the 16th century. It was initiated by the physician Tashiro Sanki (1465–1537), who brought with him from China the teachings developed during the Jin and the Yuan dynasties. Under his student Manase Dōsan (1507–1594), the "schooling of the later age" ( Gosei-ha 後世 派 , also Goseihō-ha 後世 方 派 ), founded by Tashiro, experienced a strong systematization. At the same time, the upswing of this new school freed Japanese medicine from the shackles of previous monastery medicine.
But resistance soon arose against the "new" conceptions interspersed with speculative and unrealistic elements. A movement that constituted itself as the “Old School” ( Kohō-ha 古 方 派 ) drew on early Chinese classics such as Shanghan-lun ( 傷寒 論 , Japanese Shōkan-ron ), which was caused by the cold ( han , 寒 ) Diseases discussed, and on the other hand emphasized the importance of observation, experience and practice. This attitude also contributed to the reception of Western medicine, at the same time it enabled the formation of the foundations of Japanese Kampō medicine.
The eclecticism of Japanese doctors during the Edo period made it difficult to draw a clear line between indigenous, Chinese and Western medicine. Modern juxtapositions of East and West almost always ignore the complex historical development. A sharp distinction was only made in the Meiji period , after the government had decided in 1870 to set up the health care system based on the German model, introduced a license to practice medicine, and curtailed traditional medicine as much as possible.
application
In 1967 the Japanese Ministry of Health added four Kampō preparations to the list of medicinal products recognized by the State Health Insurance. In 1976 there were already 83 preparations, in the meantime the number has risen to 148. The medicinal plants have been mixed by the doctor for centuries and usually taken in the form of a decoction . Today there are numerous finished drugs available as granules or liquid extracts. The Japanese market is dominated by the companies Tsumura ( ツ ム ラ ) and Kracie ( ク ラ シ エ ).
In Europe, too, the Japanese Kampo medicine is gradually gaining popularity through the publication of relevant books, training courses for doctors and scientific congresses.
Web links
literature
- Eberhard, Ulrich: Guide to Kampo Medicine. Japanese phytotherapy . Elsevier (Urban & Fischer), 2003.
- Eberhard, Ulrich: Kampo - the Japanese phytotherapy . In: German Journal for Acupuncture, 47 (2), 2004, pp. 21–28. [1]
- Matsumoto, Kiiko / Birch, Stephen: Hara Diagnosis: Reflections on the Sea. Paradigm Publications, 1988.
- Michel-Zaitsu, Wolfgang: Traditional Medicine in Japan - From the early days to the present . Kiener Verlag, 2017. ( ISBN 978-3-943324-75-4 )
- Oberländer, Christian: Between tradition and modernity: the movement for the continuation of Kanpô medicine in Japan . Stuttgart: Steiner, 1995 ( ISBN 3515066128 )
- Oberländer, Christian: Traditional medicine and understanding of diseases in modern Japan: the way from Sino-Japanese medicine of the Edo period to Kanpō medicine of the present. In: Journal of Medical Ethics: Science, Culture, Religion. Volume 49, Issue 3 (2003), pp. 277–286.
- Otsuka, Keisetsu: Kanpo - History, Theory and Practice of Sino-Japanese Traditional Medicine; Translated from Japanese into German by Yasuo Otsuka . Tokyo: Tsumura Juntendo, 1976.
- Otsuka, Keisetsu: Kampo - A Clinical Guide to Theory and Practice . Singing Dragon, 2nd ed. 2016, 224 pages (Translated by Gretchen de Soriano & Nigel Dawes, with a foreword by Dan Bensky)
- Rister, Robert: Japanese Herbal Medicine. The Healing Art of Kampo . Garden City Park, NY: Avery Pub, 1999.
- Rosner, Erhard: Medical history of Japan. Leiden: Brill, 1989.
- Sato, Yuzo, et al. (ed.): Introduction to Kampo - Japanese traditional medicine . Tokyo: Elsevier Japan, 2005.
- Shibata, Yoshiharu, Jean Wu: Kampo Treatments for Climacteric Disorders - A Handbook for Practitioners . Brookline (Mass): Paradigm Publications, 1998.
- Tsumura, Akira: Kampo - How the Japanese Updated Traditional Herbal Medicine . Japan Publications, 1991.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Compare with Subhuti Dharmananda: Kampo Medicine . The Practice of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Japan. .
- ↑ Kampo, the Japanese Phytotherapy - An Overview ( Memento of the original from February 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ The symbol kan ( 漢 ) stands for “China” and hō ( 方 ) for “method”, “procedure”, “recipe”. The sound sequence 'n' - 'h' is assimilated to 'mp' in Japanese. In the early 20th century, some authors also used the spelling ( 漢 法 ). The term kōkan igaku ( 皇 漢 医学 ) is now out of use.
- ↑ S. Eberhard (2004) ( Memento of the original from February 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ S. Matsumoto / Birch (1988).
- ↑ Rosner (1989); Michel-Zaitsu (2017).
- ↑ More at Michel-Zaitsu (2017)
- ↑ See on this W. Michel-Zaitsu: Interactions - To the Traité inédit de l'acupuncture et du Moxa chez les Japonais in JB Sarlandières Mémoires sur l'Électro-Puncture (1825). In: German Journal for Acupuncture , Vol. 58 (4), 2015; Vol. 59 (3), 2016; Vol. 59 (4), 2016.
- ↑ Oberländer (1995), (2003); Michel-Zaitsu (2017).
- ↑ Kampo Medicines for Prescription 2016
- ↑ Additional training in Kampo medicine at the DÄGfA
