Card reading

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The fortune teller (1895, Michail Alexandrowitsch Wrubel )

The card reading , also called card reading or Chartomantik ( Kartenlegespiel Art ) is a partial area of the divination . The very modern technology, which came into fashion at the end of the 18th century, uses special or standardized playing cards (such as Lenormand , Gypsy , Kipper and Tarot cards, or even an ordinary Skat sheet ) to or in a conversation between fortune teller and customer wanting to say something for yourself about situations, people and related questions. Completely independent of its suitability as a serious forecast, which was already questioned in the 18th century, the technology is popular and widespread up to the present day.

The card reader (c. 1508, Lucas van Leyden )

history

The card reading is said to have originated in China from the 7th century, when the wood board printing developed there, with which playing cards came into fashion, which were soon used as fortune telling cards . In the 18th century , mainly by French occultists the card reading became a popular phenomenon that continues today. The popular legend of the Egyptian origin of the cards is one of them, in fact the divinatory use was only made popular at the end of the 18th century. It is not found in previous volumes on magic or uses of playing cards. Jean-François Alliette's 1783–1784 published work  Manière de se recréer avec un jeu de cartes nommées Tarot (French: 'How to disperse yourself with the tarot called playing cards') is the central basis. An earlier origin by traveling people or gypsies is often claimed and is part of the corresponding legends of origin.

Friedrich Christian Avé-Lallemant confirmed the French origin of the fortune telling cards in early criminal works. He spoke out in favor of a ban on fortune-telling not only because of the possibility of fraud, but because he found fortune-telling generally harmful to the psyche of fortune-tellers and claimed that these are unusually often passed away through suicide.

process

The actual possibility of predicting the future was no longer scientifically discussed in the 18th century. According to Georges Minois, the continuing popularity of card reading has to do with a primarily therapeutic function of fortune tellers (in, mostly women), who motivate customers, who are often insecure by life crises, to be more active.

The fortune tellers define their own work as an aid with the aim of solving problems; the external circumstances of reading the card (e.g. through disguise, surroundings and particularly symbolic objects) are important. To do this, the card reader shuffles the cards and spreads them out according to certain patterns and images, with the various positions often bearing designations such as the current situation , fears and hopes or future events . From the given map meanings in connection with the map position, the map reader endeavors to read something that allows a glimpse into the future and can be suitable for life analysis.

Recent developments in card reading

In the last third of the 20th century, the New Age movement made esotericism, and thus cartomancy, very popular. During this time, countless derivatives of the popular card decks emerged. Both print media , the Internet , various television stations and telephone hotlines as well as special esoteric scene shops now offer the most varied varieties of cartomancy.

Legal issues

Already in the German Empire fortune-telling was not forbidden, but was classified by the police as an "asocial and work-shy" activity and subjected to more stringent controls as potentially dangerous to the public and fraudulent. In Saxony, the future Minister of the Interior (SED) Artur Hofmann noted in 1946 a considerable increase in the " divination nonsense " in the post-war chaos and issued a ban on commercial divination of chiromancy , phrenology and astrology . Fines of up to 150 Reichsmarks and the transfer to the labor office for reconstruction were threatened. The harsh and harsher treatment did not deviate from the basic police procedures during National Socialism or in the German Reich. The 1956 case of the " Suhl card reader ", Charlotte Marquardt , was discussed intensively in the German media as a whole . She was sentenced to a prison sentence of twelve years after a successful number of the Tarot GDR citizens escape from East Germany had promised, and by a copy of West Germany by the publisher Karl Rohm laid Lorcher Astrological calendar for the year 1956 had been arrested. The West German media also reported on this and other cases. In 1957 a fortune teller from Zossen was brought to justice in Luckenwalde and sentenced to 10 months in prison. She had advised a thief to "disappear" because she might face a prison sentence.

The extent to which fees for commercial card insertion can be enforced is legally controversial in Germany. On the one hand, contracts for obviously impossible services such as clairvoyance are null and void , which means that the provider is not entitled to the agreed payment. On the other hand, the Federal Court of Justice found in 2011 that even in the case of an objectively impossible service, the remuneration obligation does not cease to apply if both contracting parties have agreed on services within the scope of contractual freedom that can be understood as " fairground entertainment". The plaintiff had already received more than € 35,000 from the defendant for numerous telephone counseling on the basis of card reading and now demanded the payment of a further € 6,700. The case was referred back to the Stuttgart Higher Regional Court and ended with a settlement .

literature

  • Gérard Analect Vincent Encausse Tarot of the Gypsies, the absolute key to occult science ; Ansata-Verlag, Bern-Munich-Vienna 1999 ;, ISBN 3-502-20245-1 .
  • Antoine Court de Gébelin Le monde primitif, analyze et comparé avec le monde modern Volume 8.
  • Eliphas Levi Secrets de la magic . Laffont, Paris 2000, ISBN 2-221-07808-X .
  • Jean-Baptiste Alliette Etteilla ou la seule manière de tirer les cartes Amsterdam 1773, Hugendubel, Munich 1988
  • Stuart R. Kaplan: The Tarot. History, interpretation, laying systems . Original: Tarot Classic. 1972. From the American by Burkhardt Kiegeland. 5th edition 1988, ISBN 3-88034-224-5 (1st edition 1984).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Thomas Körbel: Hermeneutics of Esotericism: A Phenomenology of the Tarot Card Game as a Contribution to Understanding Pareligiosity . LIT Verlag Münster, 2001, ISBN 978-3-8258-5378-5 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  2. ^ Friedrich Christian Benedict Avé-Lallemant: Das Deutsche Gaunerthum in its social-political: th. Historical crook. Rascal literature . FA Brockhaus, January 1, 1858 ( full text in the Google book search).
  3. ↑ a b Martin Bentele, Jörg Fellermann: Perspektivenenzuwachs. Three texts on supervision and advice. From cultural studies, writing and regional development . kassel university press GmbH, 2013, ISBN 978-3-86219-446-9 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  4. ↑ a b Sven Korzilius: "Asocial" and "Parasites" in the law of the Soviet Zone / GDR: marginal groups in socialism between repression and exclusion . Böhlau, Cologne, Weimar 2005, ISBN 978-3-412-06604-8 , pp. 44 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  5. ↑ Baldur Haase: When reading cards, "Advertising for the unit": Charlotte M., the card reader from Suhl . Horch and Guck , Issue 25/1999, pp. 36–39, accessed on October 31, 2015.
    Baldur Haase: The map reader from Suhl: “I am caught by the Stasi…” 1955/56. State Commissioner of the Free State of Thuringia for the documents of the State Security Service of the former GDR, Erfurt 1998, ISBN 3-932303-16-4 .
  6. ↑ The reasons for the judgment usually remain secret. Hamburger Abendblatt, accessed on October 23, 2015 .
  7. ^ Judgment of the Federal Court of Justice of January 23, 2011 on juris.bundesgerichtshof.de, accessed on August 2, 2013.
    Maximilian Becker: Absurde contract . Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2013.