Kawaji Toshiyoshi

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Kawaji Toshiyoshi

Kawaji Toshiyoshi ( Japanese. 川 路 利 良 , Kawaji Toshiyoshi , also Toshinaga ; born June 17, 1834 in the Satsuma fiefdom (today: Kagoshima Prefecture ); † October 13, 1879 ) was a samurai who, because of his services to the modernization of the Japanese police force based on the European model as the "father of the Japanese police " ( 日本 警察 の 父 , Nihon keisatsu no chichi ).

Life

Kawaji Toshiyoshi was born as the son of the police officer ( yoriki ) Kawaji Toshiai ( 川路利 愛 ) and his wife Etsuko ( 悦子 ) in the Satsuma fief. In 1864 he took part in the uprising at the Hamaguri Gate . Satsuma and more loyal to the emperor feud arose in 1868 in Boshin War against the ruling Tokugawa - shogunate , which Kawaji for his fief at the Battle of Toba-Fushimi participated. Under the new government in 1871 he received a lower official post ( 東京 府 大 属 , Tōkyō-fu daisakan ) in Tokyo Prefecture and one year later became chief of the capital police established a year earlier ( 邏 卒 総 長 , rasotsu sōchō ). In September 1872, the police were subordinated to the Ministry of Justice and the police office Keiho-ryō ( 警 保 Polizei ) was founded there, its deputy head ( 警 保 助 , Keiho-suke ) at the national level and police chief ( 大 警 視 , daikeishi ) for Tokyo he was.

On the advice of Saigō Takamori , whom he knew from the Boshin War, he took part in a delegation to Europe in October 1872 to study the legal and police systems there. The delegation stayed in Paris for four months alone, as the French police, and in particular the police prefecture of Paris, were considered to be particularly effective and also had a centralistic focus. Another reason was that the judicial and legal systems already followed the French model. Other continental European states, including Prussia and Austria-Hungary, were also visited, while the UK was left out, as its decentralized police system and lower levels of police power were seen as unsuitable for the stability of the fledgling Japanese state. After his return in September 1873, he submitted a draft for the design of a new police system based on the French model, including the separation into a criminal police ( 司法 警察 , shihō keisatsu , see police judiciaire ), which was to remain with the Ministry of Justice and an administrative police ( 行政 警察 , gyōsei keisatsu , see police administrative ), which should be responsible for maintaining public order and subordinate to a Ministry of the Interior, which has yet to be established. His proposals were implemented within a short time: on January 9, 1874, the Keiho-ryō would be subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior , which had been established in November , and the Tōkyō Keishi-chō was founded as the Tokyo Prefectural Police on January 15, and he became the first president.

When his former supporter Saigō Takamori rose against the government as the leader of the Satsuma rebellion in January 1877, all police prefectures, including the Tōkyō Keishi-chō, were abolished and the police directly subordinated to the Keishi-kyoku ( 警 視 局 ) authority located in the Ministry of the Interior whose leader he became. This authority also received the powers of the criminal police. Both were not reversed until 1881. During the rebellion Kawaji took part on the government side as the commander of the Special 3rd Brigade ( 別 働 第 3 旅 団 , betsudō dai-san ryodan ), which consisted of police units.

In 1878 he made a second trip to France, fell seriously ill and died shortly after his arrival in Japan.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g 笠原 英 彦 : 川路利 良 . In: 朝日 日本 歴 史 人物 事 典 at kotobank.jp. Retrieved January 26, 2013 (Japanese).
  2. ↑ 川路利 良 . In: デ ジ タ ル 版 日本人 名 大 辞典 + Plus at kotobank.jp. Retrieved January 26, 2013 (Japanese).
  3. ^ A b c Maik Hendrik Sprotte : Conflicts in authoritarian systems of rule. A historical case study of the early socialist movement in Japan during the Meiji period . Tectum, Marburg 2001, ISBN 3-8288-8323-0 , p. 117–118 ( limited preview in the Google book search - dissertation at the University of Bonn).
  4. ↑ 浪 速 風 : 「凶 悪 な 心 は 、 い つ の 世 も」 と 見 抜 い た が （１０ 月 ２９ 日） . (No longer available online.) In: MSN 産 経 west. Sankei Shimbun-sha, October 29, 2012, archived from the original on March 28, 2013 ; Retrieved January 27, 2013 (Japanese). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sankei.jp.msn.com
  5. ^ Wilhelm Röhl: Public Law . In: Wilhelm Röhl (Ed.): History of Law in Japan since 1868 . Brill, 2005, ISBN 90-04-13164-7 , pp. 137 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  6. ↑ Christopher Aldous: The Police in Occupation Japan: Control, corruption and resistance to reform . Routledge, 1997, ISBN 0-415-14526-0 , pp. 19 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  7. ↑ a b D.E. Westney: The emulation of Western organizations in Meiji Japan: the case of the Paris Prefecture of Police and the Keishi-chō . In: Peter F. Kornicki (Ed.): Meiji Japan: Political, Economic and Social History 1868–1912 . Volume III: The Mature Meiji State. Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-15621-1 , pp. 112 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  8. ↑ Aldous, p. 21
  9. ↑ Aldous, pp. 20-21
  10. ^ Sprat, p. 118
  11. ^ Sprat, pp. 118/119
  12. ↑ Aldous, p. 21
  13. ↑ Röhl, pp. 137-138
  14. ^ Sprat, p. 119
  15. ^ Sprat, p. 120
  16. ↑ Westney, p 116
  17. ↑ Röhl, p. 138
Japanese name: As is common in Japan, the family name comes before the first name in this article . Thus Kawaji is the family name, Toshiyoshi the first name.
personal data
SURNAME Kawaji, Toshiyoshi
ALTERNATIVE NAMES 川 路 利 良 (Japanese); Kawaji Toshinaga (alternative reading)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Japanese samurai, modernizer of the Japanese police force
DATE OF BIRTH June 17, 1834
PLACE OF BIRTH Fief of Satsuma (today: Kagoshima Prefecture )
DATE OF DEATH October 13, 1879