Kiowa-Tano languages

Distribution of the Kiowa-Tano languages

The Kiowa-Tano languages form a language family whose name refers to the two cultural and geographical distribution areas: the " Tano languages " (main languages: Tiwa, Tewa and Towa) are from Tano , a group of Eastern Pueblo Indians in New Mexico and (with one exception) spoken in present-day Arizona (the "Hopi-Tewa" or "Arizona Tewa") of the southwestern United States ; the Kiowa is the language of the Kiowa , a nomadic equestrian people on the southern plains of Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas and is still spoken in the state of Oklahoma today. The "Tano or the Tano languages" is the largest language group among the Pueblo and, with around 1,700 speakers in the southern Tiwa (Tigua), also has the largest number of speakers within the Kiowa-Tano languages.
It is believed that the Kiowa-Tano languages ​​may be distantly related to the Uto-Aztec languages . However, the relevant research has not yet been completed.

breakdown

The Kiowa-Tano languages ​​include a total of seven languages ​​(Kiowa, Northern Tiwa and Southern Tiwa, Piro, Tewa, Towa), which are assigned to four branches (Kiowa, Tiwa, Tewa, Towa):

A. Kiowa

• Kiowa or Cáuijògà / Cáuijò: gyà ("language of the Cáuigù, ie the Ka'igwu (Kiowa) "): 1,092 speakers (census 1990); 400 speakers - most of them 50 years of age or older (Golla 2007) - thus Kiowa is one of the seriously endangered languages ; If, according to a newspaper article (from 2013) there were only about 100 speakers, it would even be “moribund”, i.e. H. critically endangered - see also: List of threatened languages

B. Tiwa or Tigua (language of the Tiwa and the only main language which itself consists of three languages: the "Northern Tiwa (Tigua)" (consisting of the language of the Taos Pueblo and the language of the Picuris Pueblo) and the "Southern Tiwa ( Tigua) "(divided into several dialects)) :

• I. Northern Tiwa (Tigua)
  • Northern Tiwa (Tigua)
    • Language of the Taos in Taos Pueblo (Tə̂otho / Tə̂obo) : 803 speakers (census 1980); in 2007: 998 speakers (according to Ichihashi-Nakayama) or 800 speakers (according to Golla) and thus approx. 50% of the Taos, an endangered language.
    • Language of the Picuris Pueblo (P'iwwelta) : 101 speakers (census 1990); in 2007: 66 speakers (according to Ichihashi-Nakayama) or approx. 230 speakers (according to Golla), Picuris is one of the potentially endangered languages.
• II. Southern Tiwa (Tigua)
  • Southern Tiwa (Tigua) (today, with its two dialects, is one of the endangered languages)
    • Dialect of Sandia Pueblo (Nafiat) (today's Tiwa name: Tuf Shur Tia): approx. 144 speakers.
    • Dialect of Isleta Pueblo (Tue-I) (today's Tiwa name: Shiewhibak): 1,588 speakers.
    • Dialect of Ysleta del Sur Pueblo (Tigua Pueblo) (approx. 1900 † and first replaced by Spanish and now increasingly by American English )
• III. Piro
  • Language of the Piro Pueblo (approx. 1900 † , today Spanish and currently more and more American English)

C. Tewa or Tano

• Tewa or Tano ( Tewa language with two regional dialects: "Hopi-Tewa", "Arizona Tewa" or "(Tano)" in Arizona and "Rio Grande Tewa" in New Mexico) : 1,298 speakers, of which 18 speakers are the first language ( 1990 census), 1,500 (Golla 2007), so all Tewa dialects are also endangered languages.
  • Hopi-Tewa or Arizona Tewa (outdated also "Tano")
    • Dialect of the "Hopi-Tewa" or "Arizona Tewa" of the Hano Pueblo on the First Mesa of the Hopi : 300 speakers (according to Golla 2007).
  • Rio Grande Tewa (1,200 speakers according to Golla 2007)
    • Dialect of the Nambé Pueblo (Nambé Oweenge Pueblo) (in Tewa: Nambe Owingeh): 50 speakers (1980), 34 speakers (2004), “moribund”, d. H. endangered language.
    • Dialect of the Pojoaque Pueblo (P'osuwaege Owingeh) : 25 speakers (1980).
    • Dialect of Tesuque Pueblo (Tetsuge Owingeh) : 172 speakers.
    • Dialect of Santa Clara Pueblo (Kha'po Owingeh) : 207 speakers.
    • Dialect of San Ildefonso Pueblo (P'ohwhóge Owingeh) : 349 speakers.
    • Dialect of Ohkay Owingeh (formerly: San Juan Pueblo) : 495 speakers.

D. Jemez or Towa

• Jemez or Towa (also known as "Jemez Towa"): currently the language of approx. 90% of the Jemez (Hį: mįsh) Pueblo in the Jemez Pueblo (Walatowa) : 1,301 speakers (census 1990, of which 6 speakers as first language ), approx. 1,800 speakers (Ichihashi-Nakayama, 2007)
• probably also Jemez / Towa speakers: Pecos Pueblo (historically also known as Cicuye / Cicuique; Pecos Pueblo was abandoned in 1838 and the residents moved to Jemez Pueblo (Walatowa), around 1900 † )

literature

• Lyle Campbell : American Indian Languages. The Historical Linguistics of Native America (= Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. 4). Oxford University Press, New York NY et al. 1997, ISBN 0-19-509427-1 .
• Marianne Mithun: The Languages ​​of Native North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 1999, ISBN 0-521-23228-7 .

References and comments

1. ↑ Although the Taos Pueblo and the Picuris Pueblo each speak two closely related but different languages ​​of the same main regional language according to the general opinion , the two languages ​​are only partially mutually understandable for the speakers
2. ↑ Sometimes the Piro is viewed as just another dialect of the Southern Tiwa - the research is divided here, as there are too few sources on the language (or dialect) of the Piro
3. ↑ Further name variants for the Hopi-Tewa were or are: Tano, Southern Tewa, Hano or Thano , historically also: "Tamos, Tamones, Atmues, Tanos, Thanos, Tagnos, Janos" , but today they prefer "Tewa" as Own name
4. ↑ http://newmexicohistory.org/places/cicuique-pecos-pueblo