Kiowa

Kicking Bird , a Kiowa chief, 1870

Chief White Horse with War Shield, 1891

The Kiowa or Ka'igwu ( Principal People - "First People") are a tribe of the Indians of North America , whose ancestors from today's western Montana from the 17th century southwards into the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and last in the 18th and 19th centuries. Moved to the Southern Plains in the 19th century. From 1790 they formed together with the Kiowa-Apache (Plains Apache) and the powerful Comanche the dominant military and political power of the Southern Plains and controlled a huge trade network in the southwestern United States . As nomadic Plains Indians , they belonged to the cultural area of the prairies and plains .

Historically, they were close allies of the Kiowa-Apache and Comanche already mentioned and later their former enemies, the Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho (from 1840). Their traditional enemies included the Navajo (Diné) , Ute , Shoshone , Osage , Pawnee, and sometimes the Lakota ; they behaved neutrally to the various Apache bands (in contrast to the Comanche, who were hostile towards them) and allied themselves with the Mescalero-Apache (from the end of the 18th century). They were also known for their far-reaching military campaigns and therefore also had skirmishes with tribes that cannot necessarily be categorized as immediate "enemies".

language

Their language, the Kiowa or Cáuijògà / Cáuijò: gyà ("language of the Cáuigù (Kiowa)") belongs to the Kiowa-Tano languages , which are believed to be a subgroup of the Uto-Aztec language family .

Origin and migration to the plains

According to the traditions of the Kiowa, they first lived in the headwaters of the Yellowstone River before they later moved to the lower plains between the Missouri River in northern Montana and the Arrow River in southern Canada. There they lived in close relationship with the Athabaskan Sarcee , one of the first Plains Indians strains that are already in tepees pitched and lived by hunting buffalo. The Kiowa quickly adopted their way of life and also changed from hunters and gatherers to a people of nomadic prairie Indians. It is believed that the Kiowa was joined by another Athapasque group, later known as the Kiowa-Apache . The Kiowa Apache differed from the Kiowa only in language.

Beaded cradle board for carrying toddlers, collection of the Children's Museum of Indianapolis

The Kiowa first appeared in a source in 1682. Robert Cavelier de La Salle heard of the Kiowa from a captured Pawnee slave boy in Fort St. Louis and called them “Manrhouts”, the Kiowa Apache “Gattacka”.

Probably around 1700 the Kiowa, who probably never numbered more than 4000 people, migrated to the Black Hills together with the Kiowa Apache (at most 600 people) . There the Kiowa allied with the Absarokee , from whom they now completely adopted the lifestyle of the Plains Indians. Through the Crows (Absarokee) the Kiowa also got their first horses, which they soon used for hunting. They also took over the ceremony of the sun dance, which was soon to spread across the Great Plains, from the Crows. As nomads of the prairie, the Kiowa made a living from hunting buffalo .

In the Black Hills, according to the accounts of the Kiowa, a group, the Kuáto ("Pulling Out"), split off from the larger tribal association because of disputes between two chiefs . When the Lakota (Sioux), Arapaho and Cheyenne pushed into the Black Hills from the east, the Kiowa had to move south. According to the legends of the Lakota, the remaining Kuáto were wiped out in heavy fighting around 1780.

In the early 18th century, the Kiowa roamed between the Platte and Kansas Rivers in southern Nebraska and northern Kansas . From here they slowly moved further south, so that around 1750 they lived on the Central Plains between the Republican and the Smoky Hill Rivers ; At that time, however, the Smoky Hill River was known as the River of the Padoucas , with Padouca at that time referring to the Comanche and their sphere of influence, which at that time still extended to the Platte River. The mighty Yaparuhka and Jupe Bands continued to roam north of the Arkansas River until 1775 , though the rest of the Comanche now lived south of the river.

Via the North (until 1805 it was known as Padouca / Comanche Fork) and the South Platte River , the Kiowa reached the northern part of the Comanche militarily, politically and economically controlled area between 1780 and 1790 and tried their hand at the Kiowa Apache to settle there. This first led to violent fighting between the peoples; Around 1790, a Kiowa troop under War Chief Guikate accidentally met a group of hostile Comanche near what is now Las Vegas in northeast New Mexico , and the Kiowa made an offer of peace that provided for a military-political alliance between the three tribes for mutual protection. Thereupon Guikate and the chief of the powerful Nokoninuu (Nokoni) band of the Comanche met and agreed that the three tribes could now roam and use the same areas together and would support each other against enemies.

However, the Kiowa and its close allies, the Kiowa Apache (Plains Apache), who were considered a band of the Kiowa at tribal gatherings, mostly roamed north of the Canadian River and Red River north to the Arkansas River in the Texas and Oklahoma Panhandle and adjacent areas. Later some groups moved to the Llano Estacado and south to the Brazos River in Texas .

From then on, these three tribes together controlled a huge tribal area on the Southern Plains , which included the east of present-day Colorado , the west of Kansas , large parts of Oklahoma , northeast of New Mexico and north, west and central Texas . The area was mostly referred to simply as Comancheria by the Spaniards and Mexicans and later by the Americans due to its almost seamless control by the most populous and powerful tribe in this alliance .

Socio-political organization

In contrast to their later allies - the Comanche - the Kiowa, like many peoples on the Northern and Central Plains, had developed a political idea of a nation (or tribe) and a clearly structured political leadership and tribal organization. The whole tribe gathered once a year together with the Plains Apache (Kiowa Apache) during the Sun Dances (called Kc-to ) under the leadership of a democratically elected chief who embodied the symbolic unity of the tribe both internally and externally . Although he had the greatest political influence within the tribe through his election and also appeared in negotiations with neighboring tribes or whites (Spaniards, Mexicans and Americans) as negotiator and spokesman for the tribe, he could never be against the will of the respective chiefs of the individual Bands enforce their own political agenda. In addition, the tribe was held together by the individual bands overlapping military societies (war societies) and religious societies.

The chiefs - just like the chief - were democratically elected within the bands and could be removed immediately if they were no longer able to fulfill their role due to their age, misconduct or an accident caused (or not prevented) by them. In addition to bravery and courage in battle, the candidates' intelligence, generosity, courtesy, experience, communication skills and, in particular, their ability to hold and lead the band together through personal example were also taken into account when choosing the chief.

For the Kiowa, the fearless young warrior represented the ideal personality, which was also reflected in the hierarchically structured military societies (war societies); this led to the Kiowa playing an important role in the history of the Southern Plains.

The Kiowa were divided into matrilocal extended families (Engl. Extended families ), where the men here is the nuclear family joined their wives; several related extended families also formed a local group (English local [residential] band / group ), which were allowed to dispose of common areas and their resources. These local groups ( jōfàujōgáu or jōdáu ) were led by the head of the leading family, the jōfàujōqì . Most of the year, the Kiowa were within their jōfàujōgáu / jōdáu in their roaming area as hunters and gatherers . These local groups were also organized in a total of six bands ( topadoga ), which were led by an elected chief, the Topadok'i ("leading chief") (the Plains Apache (Kiowa Apache) are considered to be a band of the Kiowa). These bands saw themselves as a political and social unit that differed from other bands, through family relationships, the common territory, cultural peculiarities and usually a slightly different dialect.

In addition, the Kiowa bands were organized into two regional and political groups (especially with regard to their relationship with the Comanche):

To-kinah-yup or Thóqàhyòp / Thóqàhyòi (the "Northern", literally "men from the cold or people of the cold," ie "northern Kiowa", included the larger northern bands along the.. Arkansas River and Oklahoma - Kansas - border , from 1840 mostly allies of the Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho)
Sálqáhyóp or Sálqáhyói ("the southern", literally: "people of the heat", i.e. "southern Kiowa") comprised the smaller southern bands that, together with the Comanche, lived along the Canadian River and North Canadian Rivers ( called Beaver River in Oklahoma ) in the Llano Estacado (Staked Plains) , in Oklahoma and Texas Panhandle allies lived, the Comanche)

As the pressure of the advancing settlement border ( Frontier ) and the US Army on the Kiowa and their land increased in the 1850s, these two regional groupings slowly began to disintegrate and a new regional grouping developed:

Gwa-kelega or Gúhàlēcáuigú ("Wild Mustang Kiowa" or "Gúhàlē Kiowa") were named after the Kwaarʉ Nʉʉ (Kwahadi, Quohada) band of the Comanche, in whose immediate vicinity they lived and together the last resistance against white settlements on the southern plains This Comanche band was referred to by the Kiowa as Gúhàlēgáu - "Wild Mustang People" because of the large herds of Mustangs in their territory.)

After the death of the last undisputed and most important chief Dohasan in 1866 , the Kiowa could never regain their former political tribal unit; the bands now organized themselves politically into a peace faction and a war faction. The geographical proximity of the individual bands as well as their degree of contact or dependency on the military and trading post Fort Sill ( Xóqáudáuhága - 'At Medicine Bluff', literally: 'Rock Cliff Medicine At Soldiers Collective They Are', a traditionally spiritually important one for the Kiowa Place of assembly) often decided whether it was a question of so-called peace bands (mostly settled and settled near the fort, soon depended on food deliveries) or so-called war bands (which only came to the fort to trade, otherwise still free wandered around and wanted to keep their freedom).

Bands inside the tipi ring during the sun dance

As already mentioned above, the individual, otherwise wandering bands of the Kiowa gathered once a year during the Sun Dances (called Kc-to ) in a camp circle (tipi ring) :

Kâtá / Kxaut-tdaw or Qáutjáu ('Biters', in the sense for “cheaters”, literally: Arikara (Kxaut-tdaw) , as they had strong trade contacts with the Arikara, some families also had Arikara ancestors, the largest and most powerful Kiowa band )

Kogui or Qógûi ('Elks Band' - " Wapiti Band")

Kaigwa or Cáuigú ('Kiowa Proper' - "actually Kiowa", possibly an original band or once a politically leading band, hence the name of the whole tribe)

Kinep / Kí̱bi̱dau / Kíbìdàu (′ Big Shields ′) or Khe-ate / Kí̱ːet / Kíèt (“Big Shield”), also known as Káugyabî̱dau / Kāugàbîdāu (′ Big Hides / Robes ′ - "Large skins / large robes ")

Semat / Sémhát ('Stealers',' Thieves' - "robbers, thieves, crooks", the name of the Kiowa for the allied Kiowa Apache (Plains Apache) , during the sun dance, however, they were called Taugûi / Tau-Gooey - 'Sitting (at the) Outside ′ - means "those who sit outside")

Soy-hay-talpupé / Sáuhédau-talyóp ('Blue Boys') or Pahy-dome-gaw / Pái-dome-gú ('Under-the-Sun-Men'), often also as Montalyui or Kó̱tályop / Kṓtályóp / Kṓtályôi ('Black Boys', hence: Black Boy Band) or named after the cultural hero of the Kiowa - Séndè / Sindi as Séndèiyòi ('Séndè / Sainday's Children' - "Séndè / Sainday's Children"). (smallest Kiowa band)

During the Sun Dances, each band had a special duty and task that was traditionally set:

The Kâtá / Qáutjáu had the traditional right (duty / duty) to provide enough bison meat as well as to take care of the sun dance. This was not only the largest and most powerful band, but especially because of their excellent trade contacts and their political and military power, they were particularly wealthy in horses, tipis and other goods. The famous chief chiefs of the Kiowa - Dohäsan and Lone Wolf the Elder (Guipago) - were members of the Kâtá / Qáutjáu .

The Kogui / Qógûi were responsible for carrying out the war ceremonies during the Sun Dances. Many families and chiefs, such as Ad-da-te ('Islandman'), Satanta, Kicking Bird and the war chiefs Big Bow and Stumbling Bear (Set-imkia) belonged to this band.

The Kaigwu / Cáuigú were the keepers of the sacred bundle (medicine bundle) (Tai-mé, Taimay) and the holy lance. That is why they were particularly respected by the other bands and enjoyed special prestige.

The Kinep / Kí̱bi̱dau / Kíbìdàu or Khe-ate / Kí̱ːet / Kíèt were also often called 'Sun Dance Shields' - "shields, ie protectors of the sun dance", as they carried out police duties and ensured safety. The chief Woman's Heart (Manyi-ten) belonged to her.

The Semat / Sémhát or Kiowa Apache (Plains Apache) were considered a band of the Kiowa with their own language and sometimes a different culture and were therefore allowed to participate on an equal basis, but had no special tasks and duties during the sun dance.

The Soy-hay-talpupé / Sáuhédau-talyóp , like the Sema / Sémhát, had no special tasks or duties. This band included the influential medicine man Maman-Ti, who was the spiritual leader during the last Kiowa resistance.

Alliances and rivalries

The Kiowa often lived in close proximity to the Comanche, but the two tribes retained their cultural differences. As already mentioned, the Kiowa were inhabited by the so-called Plains Apache or Taugûi / Tau-Gooey , who culturally belong to the Kiowa, but linguistically belong to the Apache (Ah-Tau-Gooey) in the southwest of the USA and northern Mexico and therefore mostly earlier than Kiowa Apache . Politically, however, they had no connection with the various Apache tribal groups, but spoke (speak) a variant of the Apache languages . This peculiar connection meant that the Kiowa were able to maintain neutrality towards the mostly open hostility between Comanche and Apache . Thus, through the mediation of the Plains Apache (Kiowa Apache) at the end of the 18th century, they made a lasting peace with the Mescalero Apache , which gave them access to the markets of the so-called Eight Northern Indian Pueblos ( Nambé (Nambe O-Ween-Ge) , San Juan (Ohkay Owingeh) , Pojoaque (Po-suwae-geh) , San Ildefonso (Po-wo-ge-oweenge) , Santa Clara (Kha'p'oo Owinge) , Tesuque (Tet-sugeh) , Picuris (Pe ' ewi) and Taos (Tuah-Tah) ) in order to be able to trade their goods there (skins, meat, pemmican in exchange for corn, wheat, sugar, clothing, etc.). These Pueblo peoples also spoke two Kiowa-Tano languages with Tewa and Tiwa , but were mostly allied with Spaniards, Southern Ute and Jicarilla Apache against the nomads of the Southern Plains (Kiowa, Plains Apache, Comanche, Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho). In particular, the two important and powerful Tiwa-Pueblos Picuris and Taos were allied by marriage and alliance with the Jicarilla Apache; the Picuris were close to the Ollero Band of the Jicarilla Apache and the Taos of the Llañero Band of the Jicarilla Apache.

Like other Plains tribes , the Kiowa had developed a decidedly warrior society and fought both hostile tribes who tried to invade their territory and peoples living far away from their territories in order to steal horses, women and children and to gain fame as warriors to get. The Kiowa became known even among the nomadic Plains tribes for their raids and war expeditions, which often lasted several months and spanned long distances; for example, there are operations against Lakota (Teton Sioux) , Nakota (Yankton and Yanktonai Sioux) and Dakota (Santee Sioux) on the Northern Plains and the prairies to the east , along the Mississippi and Missouri against Sauk (Sa ki wa ki) , Fox (Meskwaki ) , Kansa (Kaw) , Omaha and Oto (Wahtohtata) and against Havasupai in the Grand Canyon in Arizona .

From 1800 to 1840, the Kiowa and Kiowa Apache (Plains Apache) mostly found themselves in conflict with neighboring tribes to the west and north of their territory trying to invade the Comancheria - particularly the Navajo (Ahboho) , Ute and sometimes Lipan Apache . From 1820, however, the clashes escalated with the Cheyenne (Sah-Kxaut-Tdaw) and Arapaho (Ah-He Yile Gaw) advancing south , who were also loosely allied with the Lakota. During the smallpox epidemic (1817 and 1848) on the Southern Plains, the Kiowa, Kiowa Apache and Comanche suffered extreme loss of life; In addition, their allies Cheyenne and Arapaho sometimes stole more than 1,000 horses in a raid - and this was repeated. At first these conflicts moved within the framework of the known customs of war tactics on the plains of action (attack) and reaction (retaliation) with mostly few deaths; Now, however, the war troops of the enemy tribes (Cheyenne and Arapaho) began to accept high losses in combat more and more often in order to be able to kill as many enemy warriors as possible. The Kiowa realized after several extremely brutal and sometimes loss-making disputes that the Cheyenne and Arapaho wanted to make it clear that they intended not to give up their newly won territories in Colorado and Kansas. Therefore, the two exhausted tribal alliances soon formed - again through the mediation of the Kiowa Apache (Plains Apache), who were related to the Arapaho by marriage, a permanent alliance, which was created through the surrender of thousands of horses by the Comanche, Kiowa and Kiowa Apache to the groups now known as Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho .

Like the Comanche, they became excellent horse thieves and were known for their large herds of horses. Soon they accompanied the Comanche on their robberies and were notorious for traveling particularly long distances. These raids and military campaigns took them as far as Canada or deep south of Mexico - to Zacatecas in the Guadalajara province . In fact, in the 19th century, the Kiowa came to be known as "notorious robbers," whom Americans, Mexicans, and enemy tribes were not safe from raiding. However, the Kiowa often only reacted to attacks by others, because the Kiowa were, because of their large herds of horses, a target of several other Indian tribes.

Last fights against the Americans

From 1850 the fighting with the US Army increased, which broke a contract signed with the Kiowa in 1837. For a short time, some areas of Texas had to be cleared by the Americans due to the attacks by Kiowa and Comanche, but around 1855 the US Army succeeded in pacifying the area again. It was not until 1865, after the end of the American Civil War , that the pressure of the US Army on the Kiowa increased again. Therefore, around 5,000 tribal members of the allied Kiowa, Kiowa Apache (Plains Apache), Comanche, Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho gathered at a traditionally holy Kiowa gathering place near today's Medicine Lodge in Kansas to sign a total of three contracts, generally as a contract of Medicine Lodge from 1867 known to sign; the tribes here ceded large tribal areas to the United States and consented to their relocation to a large reservation . The Kiowa, Kiowa Apache (Plains Apache) and Comanche had to relocate to a reservation near Fort Sill west of the 98th meridian , which lay between the Washita River in the north and the North Fork of the Red River and the Red River in the south and thus the southwest Oklahomas to the Texas border as well as the east of the Texas Panhandle included. The Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho had to give up almost 90% of their reservation made two years ago in the Little Arkansas Treaty of 1865. In addition, the tribes were granted exclusive hunting rights north of the Arkansas River (Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho) and south of the Arkansas River (Kiowa, Kiowa Apache and Comanche) as long as there were bison herds , and any settlement of white settlers in the previously promised reservation of 1865 prohibited here. On the other hand, the tribes had to give up their opposition to the railway construction through their former tribal area and promise to only live within the reservation.

After initially most of the Kiowa had gone into the reservation, some Kiowa chiefs called on the tribe after the Washita massacre of the Cheyennes in the winter of 1868 to leave the reservation again. From 1869 to 1871 there were again fighting and raids in Texas, before the Kiowa returned to the reservation after the arrest of the chiefs Satanta , Satank and Big Tree .

The last time the Kiowa tried together with the Comanche between 1874 and 1875 to defend themselves against American superiority, also in the hope of being able to save the last herds of bison in the area from being destroyed by the whites. But Satanta had to surrender after a devastating defeat in Palo Duro Canyon in November 1874. Shortly thereafter, Lone Wolf gave up the resistance with the last 252 free Kiowa in May 1875, so that by the summer of 1875 the US government succeeded in pushing all of the Kiowa back into the reservation at Fort Sill in Oklahoma .

Life in the reservation

In 1878 there were about 1,200 Kiowa living there. On August 6, 1901 , the land of the Kiowa was released for settlement by the whites, de facto the reservation was dissolved. At that time each head of the family received 80 acres . By 1990 the number of Kiowa living in the area of the former reserve rose again to around 5,500.

Shortly after being introduced to the reservation, the Kiowa and Comanches took over a new ritual from the Lipan Apache, which is seen as the beginning of the Native American Church : At night a central fire was lit in a tent and a low, crescent-shaped earth altar was erected on top of it a peyote cactus was deposited. In the course of the ritual, people smoked, prayed and sang together with drums, before the hallucinogenic cactus (often only symbolically) was consumed. The purpose of the ritual was the healing of the sick and the acquisition of spiritual powers.

Todays situation

The Kiowa are now organized in the Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma. The tribal center is in Carnegie , Oklahoma . The tribe has about 11,000 to 14,000 members. Only a few Kiowa (probably fewer than 1,000, exact details are difficult) speak their own language.

Chiefs and famous people

Dohäsan ( Dohasan, Dohosan, Tauhawsin, Tohausen or Touhason - 'Little Mountain, Little Bluff' or 'Top-of-the-Mountain', approx. * 1785/1795 - † 1866, war chief of the Kâtá (Arikara) band, last elected Chief of the Kiowa for 33 years until his death in 1866, member of the elite warrior society Koitsenko (Kaisenko, Ko-eet -enkeno))

Guipago or Lone Wolf ( Gui-pah-gho - "lonely wolf", also "Rescued by Wolves" - "saved by wolves", approx. * 1820 - † 1879, successor of his uncle Dohäsan as chief of the Kiowa, leader of the war faction, Member of the elite warrior society Koitsenko (Kaisenko, Ko-set -enkeno) as well as the Tsetanma, later also called Lone Wolf the Elder to distinguish them)

Tene-angop'te (" Kicking Bird ", therefore known as Kicking Bird in English ; also Wa-toh-konk / Watohkonk - "Black Eagle" or in English Black Eagle , approx. * 1835 - † 1875, chief, leader of the Peace group, signatory of several treaties)

Tsen-tainte or White Horse ("White Horse", * ca. 1840/1845 - † 1892, chief and part of the war faction, although participant and signatory of the Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867 , he then undertook several war expeditions and raids against Indian tribes as well as settlers and the US Army, including participation in the Second Battle of Adobe Walls in 1874 , during his imprisonment in Fort Marion , he developed the Ledger Art together with other Indian prisoners from the Southern Plains )

Ado-Eete ( Addo-etta - "Big, strong tree", therefore better known as Big Tree , approx. * 1850 - † 1929, warrior and war chief, joined several enterprises of Satank, Satanta, Guipago, Big Tree sat down after his release from Fort Sill prison in December 1874 for peace and for the education of his tribe, he triedto discreditthe so-called Kiowa prophet named P'oinka (Pa-ing-ya) when the 1887 to the tribe Called for a return to the old traditions, did not take part inthe Kiowa ghost dance of 1890 and supported the establishment of the first Baptist missionon the reservation, in 1897 he became a member of the Rainy Mountain Baptist Church and served as a deacon for 30 years)

Satank ( Set-Tank , Set-Angya , Set-ankeah - "Sitting Bear", hence better known as Sitting Bear , approx. * 1800 - † 1871, chief, medicine man and leader of the elite warrior society Koitsenko (Kaisenko, Ko-eet -senko), distinguished himself in many campaigns against the Southern Cheyenne, the Sauk and Fox, later between 1835 and 1871 he undertook numerous raids and war campaigns in Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas and Mexico against white settlers, covered wagon trains and army outposts, was shot while trying to escape)

Satanta ( Set'tainte , Settainte - "White Bear", therefore often called White Bear in English, approx. * 1820 - † 1878, after the death of the last chief Dohäsan he became one of the most famous chiefs of the Kiowa in the 1860s and 1870s, leaders of the war faction, made several robbery and campaigns from 1,850 to 1,874 in the Southern Plains and in Mexico, a signatory to several treaties (Little Arkansas Treaty of 1865 and Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867), as speaker of the Plains known, committed suicide in 1878 suicide by Jump into the prison yard during his second incarceration in the Huntsville Unit )

Maman-Ti ( Mama'nte - 'Sky Walker, Walking Above, Walks-in-the-Sky' or 'Man-on-a-Cloud', approx. * 1835 - † 1875, most important spiritual leader and medicine man of the war faction, was both respected and feared among the Kiowa, was a driving spiritual and political force behind the warring chiefs, but also undertook some wars and raids himself, prophesied the untimely death of his greatest internal rival - the chief Kicking Bird, the leader of the peace faction - ahead)

Big Bow ( Zepko-ette , Za-ko-yea - "Big Bow", * 1833 -? †, important war chief, allegedly responsible for most of the raids and war expeditions in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas and New Mexico, friend of the chief Tsen-tainte (White Horse), although a member of the war faction, he was skeptical of the prophecies and medicine of the medicine man Maman-Ti, as well as the peace chief Kicking Bird, sometimes joined Mescalero and Lipan Apache , later mostly the Kwaarʉ Nʉʉ / Kwahadi Band of the Comanche under Quanah Parker and Black Horse , surrendered in 1875 as one of the last chiefs)

Mamay-day-te ( Mamadayte - 'Medicine Standing Bundles', * approx. 1843 - † 1923, nephew and adopted son of Chief Lone Wolf (Guipago), who also gave him his name; therefore sometimes as Lone Wolf II , mostly for differentiation but referred to as Guopahko or Lone Wolf the Younger - his adoptive father later as Lone Wolf the Elder , was recognized by the Kiowa as chief until 1896, led the traditionalists on the reservation and fought unsuccessfully in court for the land rights of his tribe)

Ahpeahtone ( Apeahtone, Ah-pe-a-ton, Apiatan - "Wooden lance", "Kills with a lance", also Que-Tah-Tsay , * 1856 - † 1931, last traditional chief of the Kiowa, son of the Kiowa chief Red Otter and Guipago's great-nephew (Lone Wolf), also related to Red Cloud , the war chief of the Oglala - Lakota , supporter of the Native American Church , later joined the Methodists , warned after a visit to the Paiute prophet Wovoka against the ghost dance of 1890 )

N. Scott Momaday (* 1934, writer, literary scholar, painter and Pulitzer Prize winner , one of his ancestors is the respected chief Lone Wolf the Younger, who was called Mamay-day-te (Mamadayte) before his adoption)

the Kiowa Six formerly called the Kiowa Five : It is an important group of artists (five Kiowa men and one Kiowa woman) from Oklahoma in the 20th century, consisting of: Spencer Asah (* approx. 1905/1910 - † 1954 , Kiowa Name: Lallo - "Little Boy"), James Auchiah (* 1906 - † 1974, Kiowa Name: Tsekoyate - "Big Arch", his grandfather was chief Satanta and his great-grandfather was the medicine man and keeper of the medicine bundle Red Tipi, the latter was also leather artist), Jack Hokeah (* 1901 - † 1969), Stephen Mopope (* 1898 - † 1974, Kiowa Name: Qued Koi (Wood Coy) - "Painted Robe", was also a dancer and flute player, his maternal grandfather was the famous one Chief Appiatan, his paternal grandfather was a Spanish prisoner who was adopted by Kiowa chief Many Bears; his great uncles were the famous artists Silver Horn (Haungooah) and Oheltoint (Ohettoint)), Lois Smoky (* 1907 - † 1981, Kiowa Name: Bougetah - “From the Mor genröte ", her father was the great-nephew of Kiowa chief Appiatan) and Monroe Tsatoke (* 1904 - † 1937, Kiowa name: Tsatokee -" to hunt a horse ", his father of the same name was a scout and his grandmother a white prisoner)

literature

John R. Swanton : The Indian Tribes of North America . Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 145, Smithsonian Press, Washington DC, 1969.
WW Newcomb, Jr .: The Indians of Texas . University of Texas Press, Austin, Tx, 1961.
MP Mayhall: The Kiowas , Norman, Oklahoma 1987.
LE Lassiter: The power of Kiowa song. A collaborative ethnography , Tucson, Arizona 1998.
James Mooney : The Ghost Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890 , 1897.

Web links

Commons : Kiowa - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma (Official Site)
Excerpt from: Hartmut Krech: Some Preliminary Remarks Concerning Kiowa Heraldry . In: Uwe Johannsen (Hrsg.): Contributions to the linguistics and ethnology of the North American Indians , Vol. IV.
Art. Kiowa Indians, in: Catholic Encyclopedia

Individual evidence

^ The Kiowa Dictionary

↑ Kiowa names for Tribes ( Memento of the original from November 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ Eight Northern Indian Pueblos
↑ The Jicarilla Apaches and the Archeology of the Taos Region
^ The Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek
↑ Christian F. Feest : Animated Worlds - The religions of the Indians of North America. In: Small Library of Religions , Vol. 9, Herder, Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 1998, ISBN 3-451-23849-7 . Pp. 200-201.

[1] The Kiowa Dictionary