Komi Syrian
Komi (Komi kyv) | ||
---|---|---|
Spoken in |
Russia | |
speaker | approx. 262,200 | |
Linguistic classification |
|
|
Official status | ||
Official language in | Republic of Komi | |
Language codes | ||
ISO 639 -1 |
kv |
|
ISO 639 -2 |
com |
|
ISO 639-3 |
Komi-Syrian , often just Syrian , is one of the two main dialects of Komi . It is mainly in the autonomous Komi Republic in Russia spoken. There are also some settlements on the Kola Peninsula . The written language introduced in 1917 is based on the variety of the capital Syktyvkar , it is written with the Cyrillic alphabet . Since 1992 Komi-Syrian has the status of an official language in the Republic of Komi. According to the 1989 census, the number of Syrians is around 344,000. Ethnologue gives 262,200 native speakers according to a source from 1993.
The main differences from Komi-Permjak , the other main dialect, are phonological in nature. However, there are also a few morphological differences. The sounds tʲ and dʲ palatalized in Altkomi have lost their palatalization in Syriac . Some vowel endings differ and the final syllable l has partly disappeared in Syrian or has developed into v or w (e.g. vëv "horse", vëv-tëg "without horse", but vël-ën "with a horse"). The latter also applies to some Permyak varieties, but where the original l became v in all positions. However, all Komi dialects south of the Wytschegda River have received the original l. In Syriac, j merges at the beginning of endings with preceding palatalized consonants (e.g. kanʲnʲas "cats", from kanʲ "cat" + -jas "plural"), while in Permyak it merges with all consonants. The accent is only free in Syriac. This means that every syllable of a word can be stressed without changing the meaning. The morphological differences concern the case system . Syrian has 17 grammatical cases, five fewer than Permyak.
The division of the Komi into these two main dialects is therefore relatively weak and has mainly territorial and political reasons. However, some scholars even assume that the two main dialects of Komi are two different languages.
The great variation in the pronominal system in Syriac is remarkable. For the personal pronoun of the third person plural, there are, for example, the variants naja , najëzda , nijëzda , nijë , nija , nïa , nïda , nʲida , nʲidajas , sijajas , sijëzda and ënžajas , which are all synonymous.
Writing and spelling
The alphabet in Komi (Коми анбур)
Komi is written using Cyrillic letters with a few additional characters.
Capitals | Minuscule | Transliteration | IPA |
А | а | a | [ɑ] |
Б | б | b | [b] |
В | в | v | [v] |
Г | г | G | [G] |
Д | д | d | [d]; palatal , [ɟ] |
Дж | дж | dž | [dʒ] |
Дз | дз | dž ' | [dʑ] |
Е | е | e | [each]; [e] after C except [t, d, s, z, n, l] |
Ё | ё | ë | [jo]; [o] after [c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ] |
Ж | ж | ž | [ʒ] |
З | з | z | [z]; palatal [ʑ] |
И | и | i | [i], [ʲi] |
І | і | ï | [i] to [t, d, s, z, n, l] |
Й | й | j | [j] |
К | к | k | [k] |
Л | л | l | [ɫ]; palatal [ʎ] |
М | м | m | [m] |
Н | н | n | [n]; palatal [ɲ] |
О | о | O | [O] |
Ӧ | ӧ | ö | [ə] |
П | п | p | [p] |
Р | р | r | [r] |
С | с | s | [s]; palatal [ɕ] |
Т | т | t | [t]; palatal [c] |
Тш | тш | č | [tʃ] |
У | у | u | [u] |
Ф | ф | f | [f] |
Х | х | x | [x] |
Ц | ц | c | [ts] |
Ч | ч | ć | [tɕ] |
Ш | ш | š | [ʃ] |
Щ | щ | šč | [ɕ], [ɕː] |
Ъ | ъ | - | |
Ы | ы | y | [ɨ] |
Ь | ь | ' | [ʲ] |
Э | э | è | [e] |
Ю | ю | ju | [ju]; [u] after [c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ] |
Я | я | Yes | [jɑ]; [a] after [c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ] |
Phonology
Komi has 33 phonemes; seven vowel and 26 consonant phonemes. The Komi vowel inventory is typologically categorized as "large" (WALS), and the consonant inventory as "moderately large" (WALS).
Vowels
The following table lists the vowels in Komi. The symbols in square brackets [] indicate the IPA value of the sound, those in the ticks <> represent the letter.
Front | Headquarters | Rear | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
Closed | [i] < и > | [ɨ] < ы > | [u] < у ю > | |||
Medium | [e] < э е > | [ɘ] < ӧ > | [o] < о ë > | |||
Open | [ɑ] < а я > |
Consonants
Labials | Dental | Alveolar | (Pre-)
Palatal |
Velare | |
Plosives | [p] < п >
[b] < б > |
[t] < т >
[d] < д > |
[c] < ть >
[ɟ] < дь > |
[k] < к >
[g] < г > |
|
Affricates | [t͡s] < ц > | [t͡ʃ] < тш >
[d͡ʒ] < дж > |
[t͡ɕ] < ч >
[d͡ʑ] < дз > |
||
Fricatives | [f] < ф >
[v] < в > |
[s] < с >
[z] < з > |
[ʃ] < ш >
[ʒ] < ж > |
[ɕ] < сь >
[ʑ] < зь > |
[x] < х > |
Nasals | [m] < м > | [n] < н > | [ɲ] < нь > | ||
Vibrant | [r] < р > | ||||
Lateral | [l] < л > | [ʎ] < ль > | |||
Approximants | [j] й > |
Prosody
The position of the word stress in Syrian Komi is free (in contrast to the other variants of Komi). But generally the first syllable is emphasized more strongly.
morphology
Komi is an agglutinating language .
noun
Syrian Komi has 17 cases, which are formed using suffixes. There is no grammatical gender in Komi. Nouns are inflected in the numera singular and plural. The singular is unmarked, the plural is indicated by the suffix / -jas /. This suffix is written after the palatal consonant -яс, after non-palatal consonants -ъяс. The plural suffix comes first, the case suffix second. For example, the nominative singular книга (kniga) "book" becomes the nominative plural книга-яс (kniga-jas); the genitive plural is marked by another suffix: книга-яс-лӧн (kniga-jas-len) "of the books".
case | suffix | example |
Nominative | - | книга (kniga) "book" |
accusative | - / - ӧс | книгаöс (knigaes) |
Genitive | -лӧн | книгалӧн (knigalen) |
dative | -лы | книгалы (knigali) |
ablative | -лысь | книгалысь (knigaliɕ) |
Consecutive | -ла | книгала (knigala) |
Approximate | -lan | книгалань (knigalaɲ) |
Inessive | -ын | книгаын (knigajin) |
Elative | -ысь | книгаысь (knigajiɕ) |
Illative | -ö | книгаӧ (knigae) |
Prosecutive | -ӧд | книгаӧд (knigaed) |
Transitive | -тi | книгатi (knigati) |
Terminative | -ӧдз | книгаӧдз (knigaede) |
Instrumental | -ӧн | книгаӧн (knigaen) |
Egressive | -сянь | книгасянь (knigasjaɲ) |
Comitative | -кӧд | книгакӧд (knigaked) |
Charity | -тӧг | книгатӧг (knigateg) |
pronoun
In Komi, pronouns are inflected in the categories number (singular and plural), person and case.
Personal pronouns
The independent personal pronoun in the nominative case has the following forms:
Singular | Plural | |
1st person | ме | ми |
2nd person | тэ | ті |
3rd person | сійӧ | найӧ |
The whole paradigm looks like this:
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
Nominative | ме | тэ | сійӧ | ми | тi | найӧ |
accusative | менӧ | тэнӧ | сійӧс | миян | тiян | налӧн |
Genitive | менам | тэнад | сылӧн | миянӧс | тiянӧс | найӧс |
ablative | меньсым | тэньсыд | сылысь | миянлысь | тiяннлысь | налысь |
dative | меным | тэныд | сылы | миянлы | тiянлы | налысь |
Consecutive | мела | тэла | сыла | миянла | тiянла | нала |
Approximate | мелань | тэлань | сылань | миянлань | тiянлань | налань |
Inessive | меын | тэын | сыын | миянын | тiянын | наын |
Elative | меысь | тэысь | сыысь | миянысь | тiянысь | наысь |
Illative | меӧ | тэӧ | сыӧ | миянӧ | тiянӧ | наӧ |
Prosecutive | меӧд | тэӧд | сыӧд | миянӧд | тiянӧд | наӧд |
Transitive | метi | тэтi | сытi | миянтi | тiянтi | натi |
Terminative | меӧдз | тэӧдз | сыӧдз | миянӧдз | тiянӧдз | наӧдз |
Instrumental | меӧн | тэӧн | сыӧн | миянӧн | тiянӧн | наӧн |
Egressive | месянь | тэсянь | сысянь | миянсянь | тiянсянь | насянь |
Comitative | мекӧд | тэкӧд | сыкӧд | миянкӧд | тiянкӧд | накӧд |
Charity | метӧг | тэтӧг | сытӧг | миянтӧг | тiянтӧг | натӧг |
Possessive suffixes
Appending possessive suffixes to a noun can indicate the owner. The possessive suffix generally appears between a noun and a case suffix.
Singular | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
person | suffix | example | suffix | example | |
1 | -ӧ (й) | вок-ӧй 'my brother' | -Nым | вокным 'our brother' | |
2 | -ыд | вокыд 'your brother' | -ныд | вокныд 'your brother' | |
3 | -ыс | вокыс 'her / his brother' | -ныд | вокныс 'her brother' |
Apart from nouns, the possessive suffix can also be attached to adjectives in certain syntactic positions in order to express definition.
reflexive pronouns
Reciprocal pronouns
Komi has a bipartitive reciprocal pronoun ӧта-мӧд "each other". The reciprocal pronoun can be marked for case and person.
Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns in Komi distinguish between two distances, near and far: тайӧ "this (s / r) (here / near)" and сійӧ "this (s / r) (there)". If demonstrative pronouns are used pronominally, they can be inflected in the categories number and case.
Verbs
Verbs in Komi are inflected in the categories number (singular / plural), person, tense (present, past, perfect, past perfect, future) and mode (indicative / imperative). The marking is done by suffixes, which are often syncratic, i.e. H. mark several categories at the same time.
мунны "go" | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Present | preterite | |||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1 | мун-a | мун-ам | мун-і | мун-ім |
2 | мун-ан | мун-анныд | мун-ін | мун-інныд |
3 | мун-ӧ | мун-ӧны | мун-і (с) | мун-і (с) ны |
The future tense is identical to the forms of the present tense except for the vowel (a instead of ö) in the third person. Perfect and past perfect are syntactic (compound) forms.
Negation verb
In Komi, as in other Uralic languages, negation is not expressed with a negation particle (cf. German "nicht", English "not"), but with a negated auxiliary verb "nich. sein". This negation verb is inflected in Komi in the categories number, person and tense. See the following table:
"I do not go" | "You do not go" | "I didn `t go" | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ог | мун | он | мун | эг | мун |
1SG.NEG.PRÄSENS | go | 2SG.NEG.PRÄSENS | go | 1SG.NEG.PRÄTERITUM | go |
The paradigm of the negation auxiliary verb "not. sein" is as follows:
person | Present | preterite |
1SG | ог | эг |
2SG | он | эн |
3SG | оз | эз |
1PL | ог (ӧ) | эгӧ |
2PL | он (ӧ) | энӧ |
3PL | оз | эз |
Numerals
The number system in Komi is a decimal system, i.e. H. it is based on a system of ten. The numbers in Komi are:
1 | ӧтік | 11 | дас ӧтік | 30th | комын |
2 | кык | 12 | дас кык | 40 | нелямын |
3 | куим | 13 | дас куим | 50 | ветымын |
4th | нёль | 14th | дас нёль | 60 | квайтымын |
5 | вит | 15th | дас вит | 70 | сизимдас |
6th | квайт | 16 | дас квайт | 80 | кыкьямысдас |
7th | сизим | 17th | дасс изим | 90 | ӧкмысдас |
8th | кыкьямыс | 18th | дас кыкьямыс | 100 | сё |
9 | ӧкмыс | 19th | дас ӧкмыс | 1000 | сюрс |
10 | дас | 20th | кызь |
syntax
Phrase
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hausenberg 1998, page 305f.
- ^ Chapter Consonant Inventories ( English ) WALS. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
- ↑ Chapter Vowel Quality Inventories ( English ) WALS. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
literature
Grammars
- Anu-Reet Hausenberg: Komi. In: Daniel Abondolo (Ed.) The Uralic Languages. Routledge, London 1998, ISBN 0-415-08198-X , ( Routledge language family descriptions ), pp. 305-326.
- Károly Rédei : Syrian Chrestomathy With Grammar And Glossary. Studia Uralica 1, Association of Austrian Scientific Societies, Vienna 1978.
- Wiedemann, Ferdinand Johann. 1884. Grammar of the Syrian language with consideration of its dialects and Votyak. St. Petersburg: Eggers & Co: J. Glasunow.
Dictionaries
- Fokos-Fuchs, DR 1959. Syrian dictionary. Budapest: Akadémiai.
- English-Komi / Komi-English online dictionary
- Komi – Russian / Russian – Komi online dictionary
- Komi – Russian phrase dictionary.