Cancer vaccine

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A cancer vaccine (also known as tumor vaccine ) is a vaccine that is used against cancer . Cancer vaccines are a form of cancer immunotherapy . A basic distinction must be made between two types of cancer vaccines:

  • Prophylactic cancer vaccines: they are given preventively to healthy people or animals in order to prevent a certain type of cancer ( prophylaxis ). For example, cervical cancer caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
  • therapeutic cancer vaccines: they are administered to an existing cancer disease in order to treat it ( therapy ). The following article is essentially about therapeutic cancer vaccines.

properties

Compared to the antigens of pathogens in the vaccines against infectious diseases, the genes of the antigens in the cancer vaccines come from the genome of the sick person. The antigens are therefore similar to the body's own proteins and are therefore subject to a certain immune tolerance , which reduces the immune reaction against cancer cells. Some tumors also produce immunosuppression to avoid an immune reaction.

Cancer vaccines contain either tumor antigens (e.g. Cancer / Testis antigens ), tumor-associated antigens (mostly tissue-specific antigens), MHCI - or MHCII -presentable peptides or purified protein fractions from the tumor cells. Tumor antigens are antigens that only occur in tumor cells due to mutations . Tumor-associated antigens, on the other hand, occur more frequently in tumor cells , but can also be found in healthy cells of the same cell type .

Cancer vaccines are sometimes used in the course of adoptive cell transfer ex vivo in conjunction with an immunomodulator or an adjuvant , in particular with dendritic cells . Here are autologous dendritic cells with immunogenic loaded tumor antigens, for example by transfection with antigenkodierender RNA. After the return injection into the cancer patient, the antigen-presenting dendritic cells in the lymph nodes are supposed to activate tumor antigen- specific CD8 + T cells. A simultaneous interaction with CD4 + helper T cells seems to be necessary for an effective immune response against the tumor . A vaccine design can partially increase the immunogenicity of the antigen in order to overcome immune tolerance. Oncolytic viruses often act as cancer vaccines at the same time. Vaccines against oncoviruses are also prophylactic cancer vaccines.

history

In 1891, William B. Coley injected bacteria into a bone tumor ( sarcoma ) and found the tumor to regress. The first approved therapeutic cancer vaccine was Sipuleucel-T in 2010. The first approved prophylactic cancer vaccine was a hepatitis B vaccine in 1971 .

literature

  • CN Baxevanis, M. Papamichail, SA Perez: Therapeutic cancer vaccines: a long and winding road to success. In: Expert review of vaccines. Volume 13, Number 1, January 2014, pp. 131-144. doi : 10.1586 / 14760584.2014.852961 . PMID 24224539 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A. Kudrin: Cancer vaccines: What do we need to measure in clinical trials? In: Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics. Number 11, January 2014. PMID 24406317 .
  2. ↑ C. Guo, MH Manjili, JR Subjeck, D. Sarkar, PB Fisher, XY Wang: Therapeutic cancer vaccines: past, present, and future. In: Advances in Cancer Research . Volume 119, 2013, pp. 421-475. doi : 10.1016 / B978-0-12-407190-2.00007-1 . PMID 23870514 . PMC 3721379 (free full text).
  3. ^ M. Fishman: Challenges facing the development of cancer vaccines. In: Methods in molecular biology. Volume 1139, 2014, pp. 543-553. doi : 10.1007 / 978-1-4939-0345-0_39 . PMID 24619703 .
  4. ^ VB Joshi, SM Geary, BP Gross, A. Wongrakpanich, LA Norian, AK Salem: Tumor lysate-loaded biodegradable microparticles as cancer vaccines. In: Expert review of vaccines. Volume 13, Number 1, January 2014, pp. 9-15. doi : 10.1586 / 14760584.2014.851606 . PMID 24219096 . PMC 3968791 (free full text).
  5. ↑ V. Schijns, E. Tartour, J. Michalek, A. Stathopoulos, NT Dobrovolskien ?, MM Strioga: Immune adjuvants as critical guides directing immunity triggered by therapeutic cancer vaccines. In: Cytotherapy. Volume 16, Number 4, April 2014, pp. 427-439. doi : 10.1016 / j.jcyt.2013.09.008 . PMID 24280238 .
  6. ↑ MM Strioga, T. Felzmann, DJ Powell, V. Ostapenko, NT Dobrovolskiene, M. Matuskova, J. Michalek, VE Schijns: Therapeutic dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines: the state of the art. In: Critical reviews in immunology. Volume 33, Number 6, 2013, pp. 489-547. PMID 24266347 .
  7. ↑ K. Palucka, J. Banchereau: Dendritic-cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccines. In: Immunity. Volume 39, Number 1, July 2013, pp. 38-48. doi : 10.1016 / j.immuni.2013.07.004 . PMID 23890062 . PMC 3788678 (free full text).
  8. ↑ S. Anguille, EL Smits et al. a .: Clinical use of dendritic cells for cancer therapy. In: The Lancet Oncology . Volume 15, number 7, June 2014, pp. E257 – e267, doi : 10.1016 / S1470-2045 (13) 70585-0 , PMID 24872109 (review).
  9. ↑ S. Hoyer, S. Prommersberger u. a .: Concurrent interaction of DCs with CD4 (+) and CD8 (+) T cells improves secondary CTL expansion: It takes three to tango. In: European Journal of Immunology. Volume 44, Number 12, December 2014, pp. 3543-3559, doi : 10.1002 / eji.201444477 , PMID 25211552 .
  10. ↑ DL Bartlett, Z. Liu, M. Sathaiah, R. Ravindranathan, Z. Guo, Y. He, ZS Guo: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. In: Molecular cancer. Volume 12, Number 1, 2013, p. 103. doi : 10.1186 / 1476-4598-12-103 . PMID 24020520 . PMC 3847443 (free full text).
  11. ^ A. Kozlowska, J. Mackiewicz, A. Mackiewicz: Therapeutic gene modified cell based cancer vaccines. In: Genes. Volume 525, Number 2, August 2013, pp. 200-207. doi : 10.1016 / j.gene.2013.03.056 . PMID 23566846 .
  12. ^ H. Winter, BA Fox, D. Rüttinger: Future of cancer vaccines. In: Methods in molecular biology. Volume 1139, 2014, pp. 555-564. doi : 10.1007 / 978-1-4939-0345-0_40 . PMID 24619704 .