Immune modulation

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The change in the body's own defense system (the immune system ) through pharmacologically active substances is called immune modulation .

This can serve to dampen the immune system ( immunosuppression ), for example after transplants and to avoid a rejection reaction, or also for immune stimulation , i.e. an increase in the natural immune reaction, for the treatment of infectious diseases .

Endogenous immune modulation

The body's own immune modulators include numerous substances such as interleukins (IL), interferons (IFN), tumor necrosis factors (TNF), transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß), colony-stimulating factors (CSF), immunoglobulins and endocannabinoids .

Many of these cytokines are also used therapeutically as drugs, e.g. B. Interleukin-2 , interferons, TNF-α and colony stimulating factors. In addition, interleukin-12 , GM-CSF , ICOS , among others , are being investigated for use in humans.

Exogenous immune modulation

Furthermore, in the course of an immune evasion , some pathogens produce various variants of cytokines (e.g. virokines ), chemokines , and chemokine and other receptors , some of which also have new functions, which mostly inhibit the immune reaction .

Foreign immunomodulators are z. B. extracts from Echinacea purpurea or Echinacea pallida , medicinal hemp , Inosiplex , levamisole , cladribine , glatiramer acetate , thalidomide , lenalidomide , pomalidomide , apremilast , imiquimod , resiquimod , checkpoint inhibitors and CpG motifs .

Applications

Applications are in cancer immunotherapy , vaccines , allergy , transplantation and autoimmune diseases .

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ J. Felix, SN Savvides: Mechanisms of immunomodulation by mammalian and viral decoy receptors: insights from structures. In: Nature Reviews Immunology . [Electronic publication before printing] December 2016, doi : 10.1038 / nri.2016.134 , PMID 28028310 .
  2. ↑ DN Khalil, EL Smith, RJ Brentjens, JD Wolchok: The future of cancer treatment: immunomodulation, CARs and combination immunotherapy. In: Nature reviews. Clinical oncology. Volume 13, Number 5, May 2016, pp. 273-290, doi : 10.1038 / nrclinonc.2016.25 , PMID 26977780 .
  3. ^ WT Curry, M. Lim: Immunomodulation: checkpoint blockade, etc. In: Neuro-oncology. Volume 17 Suppl 7, November 2015, pp. Vii26 – vii31, doi : 10.1093 / neuonc / nov174 , PMID 26516223 , PMC 4625892 (free full text).
  4. ↑ AO Kamphorst, K. Araki, R. Ahmed: Beyond adjuvants: immunomodulation strategies to enhance T cell immunity. In: Vaccine. Volume 33 Suppl 2, June 2015, pp. B21-B28, doi : 10.1016 / j.vaccine.2014.12.082 , PMID 26022562 , PMC 4449453 (free full text).
  5. ↑ DH Broide: immunomodulation of allergic disease. In: Annual review of medicine. Volume 60, 2009, pp. 279-291, doi : 10.1146 / annurev.med.60.041807.123524 , PMID 19630573 , PMC 2779001 (free full text).
  6. ↑ M. Najar, G. Raicevic, H. Fayyad-Kazan, D. Bron, M. Toungouz, L. Lagneaux: Mesenchymal stromal cells and immunomodulation: A gathering of regulatory immune cells. In: Cytotherapy. Volume 18, Number 2, February 2016, pp. 160-171, doi : 10.1016 / j.jcyt.2015.10.011 , PMID 26794710 .