Purple sun hat

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Purple sun hat
Echinacea purpurea 001.JPG

Purple coneflower ( Echinacea purpurea )

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Tribe : Heliantheae
Genre : Sun hats ( Echinacea )
Type : Purple sun hat
Scientific name
Echinacea purpurea
( L. ) Moench

Echinacea purpurea ( echinacea purpurea ), also Red Light sun called, is a plant of the genus sun hats ( echinacea ) in the family of Compositae (Asteraceae). It is native to the eastern and central United States and is called Eastern purple-coneflower or purple-coneflower there.

description

Illustration from The Botanical Magazine , Volume 1
Flower heads
Longitudinal section through the flower head with a conical bottom, chaff leaves and flowers
Achenes

Appearance and leaves

Echinacea purpurea grows as a perennial , herbaceous plant that can reach heights of 50 to 120 centimeters. Fiber roots are formed. The vegetative parts of the plant are usually covered with spreading to ascending hair or sometimes bare. The upright stems are mostly brownish-green.

The alternate leaves arranged on the stem are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is usually 0 to 17, rarely up to 25 cm long. With a length of 5 to 30 cm and a width of rarely 1 to, usually 5 to 12 cm, the leaf blade is ovate to narrow-lanceolate with a mostly rounded to heart-shaped blade base. There are three or five leaf veins visible. The leaf margin is usually serrated to serrated, rarely smooth.

Inflorescence, flower and fruit

The flowering time in North America extends from late spring to summer (in Europe around May and October, depending on the location). A single, relatively large, cup-shaped inflorescence stands on an 8 to 25 cm long inflorescence stem . The durable bracts are linear to lanceolate with a length of 8 to 17 mm and a width of 1 to 8 mm. The conical inflorescence base (receptaculum) has a height of 1.4 to 4.5 cm and a diameter of 2 to 4 cm. The chaff leaves are 9 to 15 mm, straight or slightly curved, red-orange, prickly-pointed ends.

An inflorescence contains ray flowers (= ray flowers) and tubular flowers (= disc flowers). In the ray-flowers , the pink to purple-colored petals are sparsely hairy on the underside and the 3 to 8 cm long 0.7 to 1.9 cm wide tongue is spread out or curved back. In the tubular flowers , the petals are 4.5 to 5.7 mm long and the corolla lobes greenish or pink to purple.

The gray-white achenes are 3.5 to 5 mm long. The achenes are usually glabrous, but those that develop from the ray florets are sometimes hairy on the edges. The durable papus is 1.2 mm long and consists of identical teeth.

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is x = 11; there is diploidy , i.e. 2n = 22.

distribution

Echinacea purpurea is widespread in the northeast, north-central, southeast and south-central United States . It is native to the US states of Indiana, southern Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, southern Iowa, Kansas (Cherokee County only), Missouri, eastern Oklahoma, Wisconsin, Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee as well as Texas before. It has run wild in the Canadian province of Ontario. Echinacea purpurea thrives in North America from the Great Plains to the Great Lakes and the Rocky Mountains . Echinacea purpurea thrives in the USA in rocky locations, open forests, thickets, prairies , especially near waterways at altitudes between 10 and over 400 meters.

In Europe, Echinacea purpurea in Germany, Austria, Poland (there Jeżówka purpurowa called), Moldova (known there as Ехиначие рошу) and Ukraine (known there as Ехiнацея пурпурова) a neophyte .

Taxonomy

It was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, p. 907 as Rudbeckia purpurea . The new combination to Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench was published by Conrad Moench in 1794 in Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis: a staminum situ describendi , p. 591, Echinacea purpurea is the type of the genus Echinacea . Other synonyms for Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench nom. cons. are: Brauneria purpurea (L.) Britt. , Echinacea purpurea var. Arkansana Steyerm. , Echinacea purpurea fo. liggettii Steyerm. , Echinacea purpurea var. Serotina (Nutt.) LHBailey , Echinacea serotina (Nutt.) DC. , Rudbeckia purpurea var. Serotina Nutt. , Rudbeckia serotina (Nutt.) Sweet . The specific epithet purpurea means purple and refers to the color of the petals.

use

The cultivar Echinacea purpurea
'White Swan'

Varieties of Echinacea purpurea are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.
Purple coneflower contains numerous substances, especially polysaccharides , caffeic acids ( cichoric acid ), alkamides and glycoproteins . The leaves can be eaten. The active ingredients of purple coneflower juice are used for short-term use for the prevention and treatment of colds to stimulate the immune system. In an efficacy assessment in 2014, the European Medicines Agency came to the conclusion that available scientific studies confirm a positive effect of echinacea-based medical products on the progression of colds. However, this only applies to adults. According to the authorities, there is insufficient evidence of effectiveness in children.

The cichoriin content of the plant increases significantly between flowering induction and senescence .

Pests

Nudibranchs eat this plant, the first shoot in spring is particularly at risk.

swell

  • Lowell E. Urbatsch, Kurt M. Neubig & Patricia B. Cox: Echinacea : Echinacea purpurea , p. 91 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 21 - Magnoliophyta: Asteridae (in part): Asteraceae, part 3 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006. ISBN 0-19-530565-5 (sections description and distribution)
  • Echinacea purpurea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 30, 2013.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Echinacea purpurea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Lowell E. Urbatsch, Kurt M. Neubig & Patricia B. Cox: Echinacea : Echinacea purpurea , p. 91 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed .): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 21 - Magnoliophyta: Asteridae (in part): Asteraceae, part 3 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006. ISBN 0-19-530565-5
  3. ↑ Werner Greuter 2006–2009: Compositae (pro parte majore). In: W. Greuter & E. von Raab-Straube (eds.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Entry at Euro + Med .
  4. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  5. ↑ New combination scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  6. ↑ Echinacea purpurea at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 30, 2013.
  7. ↑ Bronja Manček, Samo Kreft: Determination of cichoric acid content in dried press juice of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) with capillary electrophoresis. In: Talanta . Volume 66, number 5, 2005, pp. 1094-1097, doi : 10.1016 / j.talanta.2005.01.028 .
  8. ↑ a b Echinacea purpurea at Plants For A Future . Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  9. ↑ Echinilin Monograph
  10. ↑ European Medicines Agency November 24, 2014: Assessment report on Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench., Herba recens, p. 71 , accessed on March 16, 2018.
  11. ↑ Hansjörg Hagels and Tatjana Wolf: Pre- and post-harvest process steps on medicinal plants 6th symposium medicinal and aromatic plants, Humboldt University Berlin , Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Berlin, September 19-22, 2011

Web links

Commons : Red coneflower ( Echinacea purpurea )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files