Kruseler dolls

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kruseler dolls , also called Krüseler dolls or Kruseler dolls , but also called whistle clay dolls , were widespread in southern Germany in the 14th and 15th centuries, made of light clay, about hand-sized figurines, which served both as toys and as saints. The name is derived from the ruffled , bourgeois silk, linen or cotton women's bonnet with a veil, which was predominantly worn from around 1350 to 1425. These hoods were brought into the desired shape with starch , curling tongs or by pressing. The effort was regulated by dress codes , so that in Speyer in 1356 only a maximum of four layers of cloth were allowed, in Frankfurt in the same year there were six, in Ravensburg (1371) it was allowed to be up to 19 frills.

Such toys were modeled by hand in the 12th and 13th centuries, as were the figures of saints. But in the 14th century they began to be mass-produced with the help of models , especially from the 2nd half of the 14th century. Such a series production of toys appeared for the first time. The front was created by imprinting the model shape with a light pipe tone - this was a finely muddy, almost white tone - while the back was mostly flat.

Corresponding workshops of so-called “picture bakers”, who no longer run this production alongside other productions, are archaeologically proven in Utrecht , Cologne and Worms , but they are also suspected in Nuremberg and Calw . Wooden dolls, called docks , on the other hand, were made by “dock makers”, the word derived from a block of wood.

Web links

literature

  • Anna von Silvenhain, S. Borchert: Toys & "Kruselerpuppen" in the Middle Ages , 2006. ( Part 1 , Part 2 , PDF)
  • Eveline Grönke, Edgar Weinlich: Fashion from models. Kruseler and other clay figures from the 14th to 16th centuries from the Germanisches Nationalmuseum and other collections (= scientific supplements to the Anzeiger des Germanisches Nationalmuseums, 14), Nuremberg 1998.
  • Michaela Hermann: Augsburg picture baker. Clay figurines of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance , Augsburg 1995.
  • Roswitha Neu-Kock: Cologne "Bilderbäcker" in the early 15th century , in: Kölner Museums-Bulletin (1990) 9–21.
  • Roswitha Neu-Kock: pipe clay figures - a folk art form from the late Middle Ages , Düsseldorf 1992.
  • Babette Ludowici: A clay model of the 14th century from Calw-Stammheim , in: Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg 21.2 (1992) 61-63. ( online )
  • Roswitha Neu-Kock : A "picture baker" workshop of the late Middle Ages on Goldgasse in Cologne , in: Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters 21 (1993) 3-70.
  • Ingeborg Krueger: Little figurine from "Pipe Clay" , in: Das Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn 3 (1981) 39–42.