Kux
A Kux , formerly also called tribe or layer, is the specific ideal share in a mine that is operated in the legal form of a mining union . The origin of the name of the word Kux is not clear. The term kukus was used in older writings. This is derived from the Middle Latin word cuccus , this term is already mentioned in a document from 1327.
Basics
According to the old mining laws, a mother was obliged to mine a mine field lent to him . Often one person could not bear the costs alone. For this reason, the mines were divided into non-material shares and the share certificates, the Kuxe, were sold to private individuals. The division was possible in many ways. The basis for the division were the Roman units in weight and coinage. The whole thing was divided into twelfths, so that each shareholder owned a certain share of twelfths (1/12, 2/12, 3/12, etc.) of the mine, according to his share certificates. In order to achieve an even broader structure, a subdivision was made so that one could also have subdivisions of twelfths. This made it possible to divide the mines into corresponding ideal shares. The division could also be made in 16, 32, 64 parts. The maximum number of share certificates was initially 128. In addition to these 128 kuxes, a 129th kux was regularly added in Marienberg, probably for the poor in the city. In addition, many mines paid a 130th Kux as a voluntary social contribution or foundation that was used for church building, poor students or for the hospital. The value of a Kuxschein depended on the current condition of the mine. The kuxe of good and profitable mines were worth more than 100 Reichstaler, the kuxe of smaller mines were often worthless.
Legal consequences
Originally, Kuxe were land rights to a mine. From a legal point of view, the Kuxe belong to movable property. The term appears for the first time in 1477 in the judgments of the Freiberg mountain court . According to the Prussian mining law, Kuxe were no longer divisible. According to the General Mining Act for the Kingdom of Saxony from 1868, the division of the Kuxe was allowed, but the division could only be made into 100 equal parts.
In contrast to shareholders, the trade unions , i.e. the owners of Kuxen, were obliged to make additional payments, i.e. they were obliged to make additional payments if the trade union needed capital. The mining officials consistently followed up this obligation to pay additional fines and could ultimately lead to the loss of the fees for the defaulting trades if the additional fines were not paid. If the Kuxe holder was not able to settle his debts after the deadline, his Kuxes fell into the retardation . It could happen that kuxe were declared no longer existing and ownership of them was revoked. This was called caducating the kuxe . If a trade wanted to escape its obligation to pay additional fines, it could voluntarily waive its kuxe. Each trade was also free to let someone else buy its kuxe. Ultimately, when the penalties were increased, most of the trades returned their kuxe.
Kuxe were entered in the mountain book by the mountain clerk . Later one went over to design Kuxe like bearer shares freely tradable. Sworn middlemen , the Kuxkränzler , were responsible for trading with Kuxen . In the 16th century, kuxe were common objects of speculation . An important trading place at that time was the Nuremberg Stock Exchange . Before the Second World War , Essen had its own kux exchange . Since 1985, when all unions under mining law were compulsorily converted into other forms of company, there are no longer any Kuxe in Germany .
Kuxarten
Depending on the use, a distinction was made between different Kuxe. First of all, there were the additional bonuses, these bonuses could be purchased by private individuals. Kuxe of the yield mines were called yield kux. Since these kuxes were owned by the trades, they were also referred to as trade kuxes. The kuxe that were given to the sovereign were called hereditary kuxe. The owners, on whose land there was a treasure trove, were entitled to compensation. This compensation could be made in the form of Kuxen. Such Kuxe were called Grundkux or Ackerkux. The Freikuxe were a special form of the Kux. The owners were not obliged to pay additional fees for these kuxe, but the income was given to the owner. Depending on whose hand these freikuxe were in, these freikuxe were given a special name. Freikuxe, which were intended for the local poor fund, were called Armenkux. Freikuxe that were owned by churches, hospitals, or schools were called pious or holy kuxe. Kirchenkuxe were also called Pfaffenkux. Knappschaftkuxe were freikuxe that were owned by the Knappschaftkasse. In return for the obligation to hand over the wood required for the pit room cleaning free of charge, the property owner received a Freikux, which was known as Holzkux. The Freikuxe had no voting rights in operational and budgetary matters.
Number of kuxes per object
The number of Kuxe was handled differently in the individual mining districts. Their number was between 60 and 135 pieces. In the Upper Harz it was allowed to spend up to 60 Kuxe per mine. Either 128 or 130 and sometimes even 135 Kuxe were issued in the unilateral Harz. Of these, 124 kuxe went to the trades, 4 inherited kuxes were given to the sovereign and 2 free kuxes were intended for social purposes. The Prussian mining law of June 24, 1865 set the number of Kuxe at 100. However, the union statute allowed this number to be set at 1,000. For the Kingdom of Saxony only the union statutes determined the number of kuxe.
Handling the Freikuxe
Dealing with the freikuxes was regulated quite differently in the individual mountain regulations. In the older mountain regulations, it was common, with a few exceptions, to give out a few freikuxe per mine. However, there were differences in the number of Freikuxe. In the mining laws of Austria, Anhalt-Dessau, Lippe Detmold, Braunschweig and Gotha, no freikuxe were provided at all. There were also mining districts in which seven freikuxe had to be issued, in other mining districts only four freikuxe were issued. The additional burdens that the Freikuxe incurred for the trades often led to disputes. In the newer mining laws, the handling of the Freikuxe was re-regulated. So were z. B. in the mining law for the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach of June 22, 1857, all free exemptions for churches, schools, parishes, charitable foundations and cities are abolished. In Prussia, the Knappschaftsgesetz of April 10, 1854, repealed the two freikuxes for the miners' and poor pensions. In the Principality of Schwarzburg-Meiningen, the law of July 21, 1865 repealed the tax exemptions for the tax authorities. In Baiern and Sachsen-Meiningen, changes to the mining laws there repealed all free tickets.
Web links
- Holdings 40164 documents on Kux property in the Freiberg mountain archive
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Explanatory dictionary of the technical terms and foreign words that occur in the mining industry, in metallurgy and in salt works, and technical art expressions that occur in salt works. Falkenberg'schen Buchhandlung publishing house, Burgsteinfurt 1869.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with documents. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Wilfried Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 3rd edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 .
- ↑ a b Georg Agricola: Twelve books on mining and metallurgy. In commission VDI-Verlag GmbH, Berlin.
- ↑ Walter Bogsch: The Marienberger mining since the second half of the 16th century . Böhlau, Cologne / Graz 1966, DNB 456154825 , p. 35 .
- ^ Hans Pohl (Ed.): German stock exchange history. Knapp, Frankfurt am Main 1992, ISBN 3-7819-0519-5 , p. 39.
- ^ Moritz Ferdinand Gätzschmann: Collection of mining expressions. Craz & Gerlach Publishing House, Freiberg 1859.
- ^ Adolf Arndt, Kuno Frankenstein (ed.): Handbook and textbook of political science in independent volumes. First Department of Economics XI. Volume mining and mining policy. Published by CL Hirschfeld, Leipzig 1894.
- ^ A b Hermann Brassert: Mountain orders of the Prussian lands. FC Eisen's Königliche Hof-Buch- und Kunsthandlung, Cologne 1858.
- ↑ Christine Bortenlänger, Ulrich Kirstein: Exchange for dummies. Weinheim 2013, p. 32
- ↑ Klaus Dernedde: Corporate forms under private law in Germany and selected states of the EU and Switzerland. 1st edition, Grin Verlag, Norderstedt 2005, ISBN 978-3-638-81364-8 .
- ↑ Carl von Scheuchenstuel : IDIOTICON the Austrian mining and metallurgy language. kk court bookseller Wilhelm Braumüller, Vienna 1856.