Landscape sphere

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The landscape sphere is a partially natural earth sphere and a possibility to designate the research object of science called geography : It can be used as a term for the earth space in which the things are located, with which most disciplines of geography deal at least for the most part. In the German-speaking world, however, the term is mainly used by a single geographical discipline, landscape ecology .

Little used and outdated synonyms for the landscape are geographical substance , geographical milieu. and geographical sphere. In addition, chorosphere and a certain geosphere term can also largely be considered synonyms.

term

The term landscape sphere came from the Soviet geography ( ru. Ландшафтная сфера - "Landschaftnaja sfera" ) in the German language. This was done at the beginning of the 1960s by Ernst Winkler , a Swiss geographer:

"[It] has so far avoided the Soviet geographers, who have often operated with the concept of spheres for a long time, to use the expression geosphere for the geographical object and speak of landscape sphere, geographical sphere, geographical milieu, etc."

- Ernst Winkler : Regarding two more recent geographical "basic concepts": 48

Ernst Winkler was the main representative of the older Zurich Landscape School - the older orientation of the University Zurich School of Landscape Science. The views of the Zurich Landscape School were influenced by the ideas of the German geographer Kurt Bürger . He was the first geographer to rigorously declare landscape to be the central and actual object of research in geography (and thus to conclude a thought that had surfaced in 1912 with the German geographer Otto Karl Siegfried Passarge ). Accordingly, it made sense for Ernst Winkler to borrow the word construct called landscape sphere from Russian and to propose it as a term for the general and comprehensive object of geographical research also for German-speaking geography.

However, the landscape sphere could only establish itself permanently within landscape ecology. Because this geographical discipline explores still terrestrial ecosystems, ie ecosystems in land properties ( their ecosystems ). The term could not establish itself in other geographical disciplines. On the one hand, this was due to publications by the geographer Alfred Hettner , who turned out to be a sharp opponent of Siegfried Passarge's landscape ideas. And on the other hand it was due to a general increasing uncertainty regarding the concept of landscape, if its conceptual content should go beyond mere simple terrestriality .

Scope and content

The landscape sphere has no conceptual object that is easily understandable. While other spheres of the earth address unambiguous and materially tangible things - for example, the atmosphere comprises the earthly air envelope and the aquasphere the earthly liquid water - the landscape sphere first and foremost simply outlines a certain earth space. The earth space outlined contains all things with which many areas of geography are mainly concerned and landscape ecology is practically exclusively. This earth space can therefore (at least in the opinion of the German-speaking first user Ernst Winkler) be viewed in its entirety as a relevant object of geographic research : the landscape sphere outlines the continental earth space, the landscape earth envelope. It describes the entirety of the terrestrial areas of the earth - or the entirety of the terrestrial landscapes. - or the entirety of the terrestrial surface of the earth together with the spaces that are immediately next to, above and below it.

Various earth spheres penetrate and interpenetrate within the space of the landscape sphere. These include the terrestrial ecosphere and the terrestrial anthroposphere. Both can be further subdivided:

 Landscape sphere 
 terrestrial anthroposphere 

terrestrial sociosphere


   

terrestrial technosphere



 terrestrial ecosphere 
 terrestrial biocenosis 

terrestrial phytosphere


   

terrestrial zoosphere



 terrestrial physiosphere 

near-earth atmosphere ( troposphere )


   

terrestrial and coastal hydrosphere ( limnosphere , coastal oceanosphere , terrestrial and coastal cryosphere )


   

terrestrial relief sphere (and subsequent lithosphere or decomposition sphere in the sense of the word or pedosphere )


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The landscape sphere includes both the people with their living space and their realities - which are still mainly localized in the countryside - as well as the other terrestrial living beings together with both groups of livelihoods ( raw materials , physical system ). The landscape as a whole is characterized by diverse interrelationships between the components of the earth spheres involved. Herein lies the justification for being able to view the landscape as a decisive object in many areas of general geographic research.

In addition, the diverse interrelationships create a complex structure of effects - the landscape budget - which shapes landscapes . And it is precisely the landscapes in their development and dynamics, their processes and their spatial structure that, in their entirety, make the landscape sphere the central research object of landscape ecology.

literature

  • E. Winkler: On two more recent geographical "basic concepts". In: Geographica Helvetica. 15, 1960, pp. 47-49.
  • E. Winkler: The Soviet geography in the light of the Anuchin controversy. In: Geographica Helvetica. 21, 1966, pp. 7-10.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ E. Winkler: On two newer geographical "basic concepts". In: Geographica Helvetica. 15, 1960, p. 48.
  2. ↑ U. Steinhard, O. Blumenstein, H. Barsch: Textbook of Landscape Ecology . Heidelberg 2012, p. 31.
  3. ^ H. Carol: On the discussion of landscape and geography. In: Geographica Helvetica. 11, 1956, p. 113.
  4. ^ E. Winkler: On two newer geographical "basic concepts". In: Geographica Helvetica. 15, 1960, p. 48.
  5. ^ E. Winkler: Soviet geography in the light of the Anuchin controversy. In: Geographica Helvetica. 21, 1966, p. 7.
  6. ^ E. Winkler: On functionalism in ethnography and geography, sketch of a scientific comparison. In: Ethnological Journal. 2, 1972, p. 390.
  7. ↑ E. Winkler: About the natural order of the earth sciences. In: Geographica Helvetica. 25, 1970, p. 8.
  8. ↑ H. Barsch: On the identification of the earth's shell and its spatial structure in landscape science terminology. In: Petermann's geographical communications. 119, 1975, p. 83.
  9. ↑ Георгий Ефремов (Юрий) Константинович: О месте геоморфологии в круге географических наук. In: Вопросы географии. 21, 1950, p. 47.
  10. ↑ Георгий Ефремов (Юрий) Константинович: Ландшафтная сфера Земли. In: Известия Всесоюзного географ об-ва. 6, 1959, pp. 525-528.
  11. ^ E. Winkler: Soviet geography in the light of the Anuchin controversy. In: Geographica Helvetica. 21, 1966, p. 7.
  12. ^ E. Winkler: On two newer geographical "basic concepts". In: Geographica Helvetica. 15, 1960, pp. 47-49 Link
  13. ^ HR Brunner: The Zurich Landscape School. In: Geographica Helvetica. 36, 1981, p. 146.
  14. ^ HR Brunner: The Zurich Landscape School. In: Geographica Helvetica. 36, 1981, p. 147.
  15. ↑ K. Bürger: The concept of landscape. Dresden 1935, p. 27.
  16. ↑ S. Passarge: Physiological Morphology . Hamburg 1912, p. 11.
  17. ^ E. Winkler: On two newer geographical "basic concepts". In: Geographica Helvetica. 15, 1960, p. 48.
  18. ^ H. Readers: The eleventh "Basler Geomethodische Colloquium": Methodical problems of large-scale geo-ecological field surveys in developing countries in Africa. In: Geomethodica. 11, 1986, p. 13.
  19. ↑ H. Küster: The discovery of the landscape. Munich 2012, p. 85.
  20. ^ A. Hettner: In: Methodical time and dispute issues: Passarges landscape. In: Geographical Journal. (1925), pp. 162-164
  21. ↑ J. Schmithüsen: What is landscape? In: Geographic Knowledge. 9, 1964, pp. 1-24.
  22. ^ E. Neef: To some questions of the comparative landscape ecology. In: Geographical Journal. 59, 1970, p. 161.
  23. ^ HR Brunner: The Zurich Landscape School. In: Geographica Helvetica. 36, 1981, pp. 147-148.
  24. ↑ U. Eisel: Geography - The science of the distinctions and correlations that are accessible to everyone; or: How not to save landscape science. In: Geographica Helvetica. 37, 1982, pp. 166-170.
  25. ^ E. Winkler: On two newer geographical "basic concepts". In: Geographica Helvetica 15, 1960, p. 48.
  26. ^ H. Carol: On the discussion of landscape and geography. In: Geographica Helvetica. 11, 1956, p. 113.
  27. ↑ K. Bürger: The concept of landscape. A contribution to the geographic perception of the earth. In: Dresden Geographical Studies. 7 (1935)
  28. ^ E. Winkler: On functionalism in ethnography and geography, sketch of a scientific comparison. In: Ethnological Journal. 2, 1972, p. 390.
  29. ↑ E. Winkler: About the natural order of the earth sciences. In: Geographica Helvetica. 25, 1970, pp. 6-7.
  30. ↑ cf. U. Steinhard, O. Blumenstein, H. Barsch: Textbook of landscape ecology . Heidelberg 2012, p. 152.
  31. ↑ cf. E. Winkler: About the natural order of the earth sciences. In: Geographica Helvetica. 25, 1970, pp. 7-8.
  32. ↑ cf. W. Endlicher: Introduction to urban ecology. Stuttgart 2012, p. 20
  33. ^ E. Neef: To some questions of the comparative landscape ecology. In: Geographical Journal. 59, 1970, p. 165.
  34. ↑ E. Winkler: About the natural order of the earth sciences. In: Geographica Helvetica. 25, 1970, pp. 3-4, 7-8.
  35. ↑ cf. E. Neef: Geography and Environmental Science. In: Petermann's geographical communications. 116, 1972, p. 83 and plate 3.
  36. ^ AJ Wulf: The suitability of landscape ecological assessment criteria for spatial environmental planning . Kiel 2001, p. 73.