Hydrosphere

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Several parts of the hydrosphere at a glance.

The hydrosphere [ hydroˈsfɛːrə ] (from ancient Greek ὕδωρ hýdor , German ' water ' and σφαίρα sphaira 'sphere') is one of the earth spheres . It comprises the entirety of the water on earth.

term

The term hydrosphere was coined by the Austrian geologist Eduard Suess in 1875. Many years after Suess, the hydrosphere was further subdivided by other authors.

The Polish geophysicist Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski developed the concept of the cryosphere in 1923 . In 1939 the Chionosphere (snow-covered areas of the earth) was added to it, which went back to the Soviet glaciologist Stanislaw Wikentjewitsch Kalesnik. With both terms, the solid state of aggregation of the water, the water ice , was transferred to separate terms of the earth sphere.

The oceanosphere is part of the hydrosphere.

With the aquasphere in 1938, liquid water also got its own term for the earth sphere. The word was created by teachers from Zanesville (Ohio) dominated .

The gaseous state of aggregation of water, water vapor , on the other hand, has not yet been given an earth sphere of its own. The obvious term of the Vapo (r) sphere is already used with a different meaning. Thus, the water vapor is mainly in atmospheric water. collected and managed as part of the atmosphere.

Later the hydrosphere was re-divided in a different way. This time it was broken down according to the whereabouts of its waters. In the first group came the waters in and under the seas . In the second group, the waters went up and in the mainland (to which the inland waters belonged). The former was named the oceanosphere (or thalassosphere ), the latter was called the limnosphere (or inland hydrosphere ). The atmosphere - as the third place where water resides - was not taken into account. The waters located there did not have their own concept of the earth sphere. The concept of the hydro atmosphere (atmohydrosphere) , which is offered for this purpose, is already used with a different meaning.

Deep hydrosphere

Another term can be added to the location-related trisection: The deep hydrosphere comprises parts of terrestrial water that are further below the surface. However, the term was coined several times independently of each other and is still used with different terms.

  • marine deep hydrosphere : The marine deep hydrosphere describes the deep water layers of the seas. The term is roughly synonymous with the middle and lower sections of the deep sea . It was coined for the first time in 1946 by the American oil engineer Henry Emmett Gross, who introduced it in a single, but repeatedly published, essay. After that, the term was reinvented at least twice and is still in use.
  • lithic deep hydrosphere : The lithic deep hydrosphere comprises water in water-bearing rock layers that are further below the solid surface of the earth. The term goes back to the Soviet geologist LN Elansky, who was the first to postulate such a layer in 1964. The idea that deep strata can contain large amounts of water is even older and can be traced back to at least 1955. Since Elansky, water-bearing layers within the solid geosphere have been repeatedly referred to with this term. However, there is no agreement about which waters should be included in the lithic deep hydrosphere from which depth. Four different views can be found. The following are addressed as deep lithic hydrosphere:
  1. Pore ​​waters in deeper sections of marine sediments.
  2. Deep aquifers .
  3. Deep intracrustal hydrosphere : water several kilometers deep in the earth's crust .
  4. Sublithospheric hydrosphere : waters below the lithosphere in the asthenosphere and upper geospheric mesophere .

Content and scope

The hydrosphere in combination with the natural earth spheres.

"The water does not form such a uniform or clearly delimited layer like rock and air, and in contrast to these it takes on all three forms of state (ice, liquid water, water vapor)."

- Karl Herz : Large-scale and small-scale landscape analysis in the mirror of a model : 49

The hydrosphere shows a structure that differs markedly from that of other classic inanimate earth spheres. In contrast to the atmosphere and lithosphere, the waters of the hydrosphere nowhere form a uniform shell that encompasses the earth. Even oceans and tributaries only take up 70.8% of the earth's surface and are broken through in many places by islands and bordered by continents : Under water planets the earth would be comparatively arid.

The earthly waters form a continuum. It connects and traverses numerous sections of the earth in different states of aggregation, in different quantities and in the course of an earth-encompassing water cycle : the hydrosphere penetrates many of the other earth spheres. Water is already found in minute quantities in the atmospheric exosphere . There it is the rapidly disappearing legacy of water-containing objects that fall from space to the surface of the earth. Water is found permanently from the lower edge of the thermosphere down to the geospheric mesophere . Water not only penetrates the solid geosphere in fissures and rock pores, but is also called crystal water . a component of the mineral structure of the rocks themselves. Water is also an important building material for all earthly life. Without water, life as it exists on earth would not be possible at all.

The hydrosphere runs through many other earth spheres. It also contains the biosphere .

According to the aggregate state of the water, the earth's hydrosphere can be divided into three parts: cryosphere (with chionosphere ), aquasphere and earthly water vapor . Alternatively, the hydrosphere can be divided into three parts according to the whereabouts of the water into the oceanosphere , limnosphere and atmospheric water . The proportion of atmospheric water is not insignificant. A single cumulonimbus cloud five kilometers in diameter can contain up to 500,000 tons of water. And atmospheric rivers can - as water vapor - transport the same amount of water as the Amazon or seven and a half to fifteen times as much water as the Mississippi .

Breakdown of the terrestrial hydrosphere according to the aggregate states of the water
Cryosphere (with chionosphere )

water ice

Aquasphere

liquid water

earthly water vapor

water vapor

1 : Also permanently in permafrost .
2 : snow , hail , frost and others.
3 : Clouds consisting entirely or predominantly of ice crystals - cirrus , cirrocumulus , cirrostratus , incus of a cumulonimbus .
4 : rain , drizzle , dew and others.
5 : Clouds consisting entirely or predominantly of cloud droplets - Altocumulus , Altostratus , Stratocumulus , Stratus , Nimbostratus , Cumulus , Cumulonimbus, as well as fog and water vapor .

Structure of the terrestrial hydrosphere according to where the water is located
Oceanosphere

→ Waters of the seas

Limnosphere

→ Waters of the mainland

atmospheric water

Air water vapor content and cloud water

  • Liquid waters of the seas (sea water)
  • Frozen waters of the seas (sea ice) with ice shelves and icebergs
  • Liquid 1 and solid 2 forms of precipitation in the seas
  • Liquid water and water ice in the sea floor
  • Liquid waters of inland waters
  • Frozen waters of inland waters with inland ice, glacial ice and firn
  • Liquid 1 and solid 2 forms of precipitation in inland waters and (time-delayed) in terrestrial ground waters
  • Liquid water and water ice 3 as bottom water
  • Water vapor from the soil air
  • atmospheric water vapor
  • Water clouds 4 and ice clouds 5

1 : rain, drizzle, dew and others.
2 : snow, hail, frost and others.
3 : Also permanently in permafrost.
4 : Clouds consisting entirely or predominantly of cloud droplets - Altocumulus, Altostratus, Stratocumulus, Stratus, Nimbostratus, Cumulus, Cumulonimbus as well as fog and water vapor.
5 : Clouds consisting entirely or predominantly of ice crystals - cirrus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus, incus of a cumulonimbus.

The stocks of the hydrosphere tabulated here mention many of the more well-known forms of existence of water on earth. In addition to them, there are other earthly water resources. These additional water resources cannot be added to both tables. Because they have physical properties or are located in locations that are not taken into account in the tables:

  • Supercritical waters : Supercritical waters escape from some hydrothermal deep sea springs . Because of their location, such waters naturally belong to the oceanosphere. On the other hand, they cannot also be classified according to their physical state. Because supercritical waters combine properties of the physical states liquid and gaseous.
  • Waters of the sublithospheric hydrosphere : Waters are also found below the lithosphere. They come from water-containing minerals that are subducted from the surface into the interior of the planet . Because of the high pressures in the earth's interior, the waters are pressed out of the minerals. The sublithospheric hydrosphere begins many kilometers below the deepest aquifers . It spans the entire asthenosphere and goes even deeper, at least down to the transition zone between the upper and lower mantle . The total amount of water in the sublithospheric hydrosphere can only be estimated. The estimates range from 0.3 times to 2 times to more than 2 times as much water as in all seas combined.
Water in falling precipitation still belongs to atmospheric water while it is falling .
Waters in solid, land-based precipitation are located in a transition area between atmospheric water and the limnosphere until they melt .
Amount of water in the terrestrial hydrosphere
Occurrence Volume [km 3 ] Proportion of [%]
All earthly water 1 2 1,385,984,000 100
Salt water 1,350,955,000 97.47262
Sea water 1,338,000,000 96.53791
salty groundwater 12,870,000 0.92858
Salt lake water 85,000
Freshwater 35,029,000 2.52737
ice 24,364,000 1.75788
sweet groundwater 10,535,000 0.76011
Soil moisture 16,000
Surface water 105,000
atmospheric water 3 13,000
organismic water 1,000

1 : Immovable waters are not included . These are waters that are chemically bound in minerals. Their total volume is estimated at 250,000,000 km 3 for the lithosphere .
2 : Does not include the waters of the sublithospheric hydrosphere . Estimates of their total volume vary between 401,400,000 km 3 and more than 2,676,000,000 km 3 .
3 : In the global water cycle of evaporation and precipitation , the earth's atmosphere is traversed by 496,100 km 3 of water annually . As a result, all of the atmospheric water is completely replaced 38.16 times a year - i.e. once every 9.57 days.

See also

literature

  • G. Vogt: The Hydrosphere . Minneapolis, 2006.
  • F. Wilhelm: Hydrogeography . Braunschweig, 1997.

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