Geosphere

The geosphere (from the Greek γῆ 'earth' and σφαίρα 'sphere') is usually used to describe an earth sphere . The word thus names a phenomenon of the earth that is often like a shell around the whole celestial body . The geosphere term was given at least ten different definitions within 150 years, five of which are still used in German-speaking countries today. As a result, there is currently no consensus on the content, extent and extent of the geosphere.

term

→ Main article : History of the term geosphere

The term geosphere comes from the English-speaking world. It was coined in 1871 by the American philosopher Stephen Pearl Andrews (1812-1886). He referred to the entirety of the solid earth - from the lithosphere to the center of the earth. However, subsequent scientists coined their own geosphere terms:

Year the term was coined	Author of the term	Brief explanations
1871	Stephen Pearl Andrews	Totality of the solid earth.
1902	Friedrich Ratzel	Outer rock shell of the earth made of solid and plastic rock (→ lithosphere ).
1910	John Murray	Any earth sphere of the planet earth (→ earth sphere ).
1935	Willy Hellpach	Air layer near the earth's surface (→ peplosphere ).
1956	Hans Carol	Object of geographic research: Earth spheres on and near the earth's surface (↔ landscape sphere ).
1956	Pierre Teilhard de Chardin	Global inanimate environment of living things (→ Physiosphere )
1958	Vladimir Nikolayevich Sukachev	Inanimate environment of mainland creatures
1960	Ernst Winkler	Earth area, which can mean the entire planet ( total geosphere ) or a section of the earth.
1963	Ernst Neef	Space in the largest global dimension.
1993	Host Eichler	Penetration field of the abiotic, biological and spiritual on earth.

Modern geosphere terms

In modern scientific literature, five of the ten geosphere terms presented can still be found at present. These are mainly the geosphere terms according to Stephen Pearl Andrews (1871) and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1956), as well as the terms after John Murray (1910), Hans Carol (1956) and Ernst Neef (1963), far behind.

Fixed geosphere (Stephen Pearl Andrews, 1871)

The solid geosphere in the composite of the earth spheres.

The solid geosphere according to Stephen Pearl Andrews comprises those components of the planet earth that consist of solid rock or lie below it. The solid geosphere thus includes the lithosphere and the even deeper earth spheres:

Geosphere	Lithosphere     Asthenosphere     Mesosphere      Barysphere  Outer core of the earth     Inner core

The mesosphere mentioned in the outline does not, of course, mean that layer of the earth's atmosphere of the same name . Instead, reference is made here to the geospheric mesosphere , which is a synonym for the lower parts of the earth's mantle . In addition, a modern conceptual meaning of the barysphere is taken into account as a synonym for the earth's core. However, the geosphere could also be structured differently:

Geosphere	Lithosphere      Endosphere  Asthenosphere      Centrosphere  Mesosphere      Barysphere  Outer core of the earth     Inner core

In this alternative structure, the solid geosphere was completely and clearly arranged dichotomously. The objection to this classification is that it mentions a geospheric endosphere in addition to the geospheric mesosphere , although this term is also used for a specific layer of the earth's atmosphere. It also comes with centrosphere. a very old and currently rather unusual term taken up again.

The solid geosphere can be further subdivided.

In addition to the earth spheres already mentioned, the soils - i.e. the pedosphere - or the soils together with just sedimenting deposits - i.e. the pedosphere together with the sedimentosphere - are also assigned to the solid geosphere. In contrast, the barysphere is sometimes not counted as part of the geosphere.

The fixed geosphere is the predominant geosphere term in system earth research .

Abiotic geosphere (Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, 1956)

The abiotic geosphere according to Pierre Teilhard de Chardin includes all inanimate parts of the global ecosystem, the ecosphere . It thus includes sections of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere that lie within the global ecosystem:

Ecosphere	global biocenosis      Geosphere  ecospheric section of the lithosphere     ecosphere section of the hydrosphere     ecosphere section of the atmosphere

The abiotic geosphere is the geosphere term of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program . A synonym for the abiotic geosphere is physiosphere .

Geographical geosphere (Hans Carol, 1956)

Association of the earth spheres that make up the geographical geosphere.

The geographical geosphere according to Hans Carol represents an attempt to locate the general object of geographical research in the real earth space. His attempt did not remain unchallenged for long and could not establish itself internationally despite a few attempts. Nevertheless, Carol's geographic geosphere is still used in rare cases in German-language publications:

Geosphere	Anthroposphere  Sociosphere     Technosphere  Ecosphere   global biocenosis  Phytosphere     Zoosphere  Physiosphere  ecosphere atmosphere     ecosphere hydrosphere     Relief sphere or ecosphere lithosphere or pedosphere or decomposition sphere i. e. S.

Chorosphere and landscape sphere

A synonym for the geographical geosphere is the chorosphere . This alternative term was introduced at the beginning of the 1960s by the Swiss geographer Ernst Winkler in order to explicitly avoid the already ambiguous word of the geosphere . The chorosphere did not gain a large following, however.

In addition, there is another term, the landscape sphere, which has at least a very large equality of meaning with the geographical geosphere term. The word was also introduced into the German language by Ernst Winkler in the early 1960s, after borrowing it from Soviet geography. However, the comparison between the landscape sphere and the geographic geosphere reveals three differences:

1. The landscape is more restricted to the continental parts of the earth's surface, while the geographic geosphere in principle also includes the high seas .
2. Landscape sphere is currently practically not used in general geographic publications, but is primarily found in publications only on landscape ecology .
3. In contrast to the geographical geosphere term, the landscape sphere - as landscape sphere and as ландшафтная сфера - enjoys a certain international distribution.

Plural geospheres (John Murray, 1910)

The multiple geospheres according to John Murray are a category term that can be applied to all earth spheres. For example, the atmosphere would be a geosphere, but the anthroposphere , decomposition sphere , gravisphere , plasma sphere and many others would also be geospheres. The synonym for Murray's geospheres is called earth spheres (→ list of earth spheres ).

Space-dimensional geosphere (Ernst Neef, 1963)

The space-dimensional geosphere according to Ernst Neef does not designate any specific property that is like a shell around the earth. It therefore does not designate an earth sphere. Instead, Neef's term refers to global space itself in its entirety as a perspective of scientific observation. Today, this global perspective can also be called the (less misleading) spherical dimension or (generally understandable) the global dimension.

See also

• biosphere
• Biogeosphere

Individual evidence

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2. ↑ F. Ratzel: The earth and life - second volume . Leipzig / Vienna 1902, p. 4.
3. ^ J. Murray: The Deep Sea. In: Scottish Geographical Magazine. 26, 1910, pp. 617-624.
4. ^ J. Murray: The Ocean. New York 1913, pp. 226-227.
5. ^ W. Hellpach: Geopsyche . Leipzig 1935, p. 188.
6. ^ H. Carol: On the discussion of landscape and geography. In: Geographica Helvetica. 11, 1956, pp. 113-114.
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