List of earth spheres
Earth spheres refer to phenomena of the earth that are on, above or below the surface of the planet. These phenomena have a spatial extent and are usually more or less shell-like around the whole celestial body. They are divided into three groups:
- Natural earth spheres also exist without human intervention. Examples are: atmosphere , lithosphere and pedosphere .
- Culturally conditioned earth spheres exist only because of human activity. Examples are: anthroposphere , sociosphere and technosphere .
- Partially natural earth spheres combine both natural properties of the earth and culture-related additions and changes. Examples are: agrosphere , chorosphere and landscape sphere .
Earth spheres
Earth sphere | Year the term was coined | Author of the term | Earth sphere group | Brief explanations |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aquasphere | 1938 | Teacher from Zanesville, Ohio | natural earth sphere |
|
Agrosphere | partially natural earth sphere | Share of the terrestrial ecosphere that is transformed and used for agricultural activities. | ||
Asthenosphere | 1914 | Barrell, Joseph | natural earth sphere | The sphere of slightly melted rock between the lithosphere and the geospheric mesosphere. |
Atmohydrosphere | natural earth sphere | A synonym for hydro atmosphere. | ||
the atmosphere | 1638 | Wilkins, John | natural earth sphere | The thin gas envelope of the planet earth. |
Outer core | 1913 | Gutenberg, Beno | natural earth sphere | The liquid outer core of the earth ( outer core , outer core of the earth ). |
Barosphere | 1924 | Sen, Sachindra Nath | natural earth sphere |
|
Barysphere | 1875 | Suess, Eduard | natural earth sphere | The massive part of the earth:
|
Basaltosphere | natural earth sphere | The proportion of the lithosphere made up of basaltic rocks . | ||
Inland hydrosphere | 1970 | Winkler, Ernst | natural earth sphere | A synonym for limnosphere. |
Biogenosphere | 1959 | Zabelin, Igor Mikhailovich | natural earth sphere | The area of the earth where life could arise. |
Biogeosphere | 1954 | Zlatník, Alois | natural earth sphere |
|
Biohydrosphere | natural earth sphere | A synonym for hydrobiosphere. | ||
biosphere | 1875 | Suess, Eduard | natural earth sphere |
|
Chemosphere | 1951 | Gerson, Nathaniel Charles and Kaplan, Jed | natural earth sphere | A section of the earth's atmosphere: the layer of the earth's atmosphere in which chemical reactions increasingly take place due to the sun's UV radiation. |
Chionosphere | 1939 | Kalesnik, Stanislav Vikentyevich | natural earth sphere | The snow-covered areas of the earth. |
Chorosphere | partially natural earth sphere | A synonym for landscape. | ||
Decomposition sphere | natural earth sphere | The earth's weathering mantle. | ||
Diffusosphere | natural earth sphere | A section of the earth's atmosphere: the layer above the turbosphere in which air particles are mainly moved by diffusion alone. | ||
Edaphosphere | 1938 | Teacher from Zanesville, Ohio | natural earth sphere | A synonym for pedosphere.
|
Effusosphere | natural earth sphere | A section of the earth's atmosphere: the layer above the diffusosphere in which air particles can drift into interplanetary space. | ||
Electrosphere | 1964 | Chalmers, John Alan | natural earth sphere | A section of the earth's atmosphere: the layer of the earth's atmosphere with higher electrical conductivity. |
Endosphere | natural earth sphere |
|
||
Epigeosphere | 1965 | Isachenko, Anatolii Grigorevich (1965) | natural earth sphere | A synonym for landscape.
|
Exogasosphere | natural earth sphere | The areas of the earth from which gas particles can emanate and which eventually drift into interplanetary space. | ||
Exosphere | 1949 | Spitzer, Lyman | natural earth sphere |
|
Geobiosphere | 1979 | Walter, Heinrich Karl | natural earth sphere | The terrestrial part of the global biocenosis. In this sense a synonym for biogeosphere. |
Geomorphosphere | 1983 | Mac, Ion | natural earth sphere | A synonym for relief sphere. |
Geoecosphere | 1982 | Reader, Hartmut | natural earth sphere |
|
Geosphere | 1871 | Andrews, Stephen Pearl | natural or partially natural earth sphere |
|
Granitosphere | natural earth sphere | The proportion of the lithosphere made up of granitic rocks . | ||
Gravisphere | 1961 | Strughold, Hubertus | natural earth sphere | The gravisphere of the earth describes the area of space in which the influence of earthly gravity predominates. A similar concept is that of the sphere of gravity . There are two different approaches to determining the sphere of influence caused by gravity. On the one hand the Hill sphere and on the other hand the sphere of influence according to Laplace . |
Heterosphere | 1950 | Chapman, Sydney | natural earth sphere | A section of the earth's atmosphere: the layer of the atmosphere in which the air particle fractions are separated. |
Homosphere | 1950 | Chapman, Sydney | natural earth sphere | A section of the earth's atmosphere: the layer of the atmosphere in which the air particle fractions are evenly mixed. |
Hull sphere | 1970 | Winkler, Ernst | natural earth sphere | One of the earth spheres that contribute to the outer shell of planet earth, primarily the lithosphere or atmosphere or hydrosphere or the global biocenosis. |
Hydro atmosphere | natural earth sphere | Atmosphere and hydrosphere viewed together. | ||
Hydrobiosphere | natural earth sphere | The biosphere of the aquatic habitats (seas, lakes, rivers). | ||
Hydrogen sphere | natural earth sphere | A synonym for hydrogen sphere. | ||
Hydrosphere | 1875 | Suess, Eduard | natural earth sphere | All the water on planet earth (earth hydrosphere). |
Hypopedosphere | natural earth sphere | A synonym for decomposition sphere. | ||
Inner core | 1936 | Lehmann, Inge | natural earth sphere | The solid inner core of the earth ( inner core , inner core of the earth ). |
Intersphere | 1956 | Kapustinski, Anatoly Fjodorowitsch | natural earth sphere | A synonym for geospheric mesosphere. |
ionosphere | 1926 | Watson-Watt, Robert Alexander | natural earth sphere | A section of the earth's atmosphere: the layer of the atmosphere, which consists mainly of ionized particles. |
Core sphere | natural earth sphere | One of the earth spheres that contribute to the earth's core. So the outer core or the inner core of the earth. | ||
Cryosphere | 1923 | Dobrowolski, Antoni Bolesław | natural earth sphere | All of the ice ( water ice ) on planet earth (earth's cryosphere ). |
Landscape sphere | 1950 | Efremov, Georgij (Iurii) Konstantinovič | partially natural earth sphere | The modern term for the subject of research in science called geography : The space in which there are the things that science geography deals with. |
Limnosphere | natural earth sphere | The totality of inland waters: the still waters and flowing waters of the hydrosphere. They usually carry fresh water. | ||
Lithosphere | 1875 | Suess, Eduard | natural earth sphere | The rigid outer rock shell of the earth. |
Magnetosphere | 1959 | Gold, Thomas | natural earth sphere | The area of the earth in which its magnetic field is stronger than the magnetic field of the heliosphere . |
Mantle sphere | natural earth sphere | One of the earth spheres below the lithosphere that contribute to the earth's mantle. So the asthenosphere or the geospheric mesosphere. | ||
Mesosphere | 1940 | Daly, Reginald Aldworth (referring to Henry Stephens Washington (1925)) | natural earth sphere |
|
Metamorphosphere | natural earth sphere | The proportion of the lithosphere made up of metamorphic rocks . | ||
Metasphere | 1959 | Chapman, Sydney | natural earth sphere | A section of the earth's atmosphere: the layer of the outer atmosphere, which for the most part consists almost exclusively of ionized hydrogen. |
Morphosphere | natural earth sphere | A synonym for relief sphere.
|
||
Neutrosphere | 1950 | Chapman, Sydney | natural earth sphere | A section of the earth's atmosphere: the layer of the atmosphere, which consists mainly of electrically neutral particles. |
Ecosphere | 1958 | Cole, Lamont C. | natural earth sphere | The global ecosystem in its spatial extension: the entirety of terrestrial organisms including their inanimate environment, including the interactions between living beings and with their inanimate environment.
|
Oceanosphere | natural earth sphere | The entirety of the seas. Or the marine parts of the hydrosphere. They usually carry salt water. | ||
Ozone (o) sphere | natural earth sphere | A synonym for ozone layer . | ||
Peplosphere | 1953 | Schneider-Carius, Karl | natural earth sphere | The layer of the troposphere closest to the surface of the earth. |
Pedosphere | 1905 | Jarilow, Arsseni Arsenjewitsch | natural earth sphere | The entirety of all soils on earth (soil cover). |
Pelosphere | natural earth sphere | The area of the deposited mud and silt. | ||
Perisphere | 1956 | Kapustinski, Anatoly Fjodorowitsch | natural earth sphere | A synonym for lithosphere. |
Petrosphere | natural earth sphere | A synonym for lithosphere.
|
||
Physiosphere | 1970 | Peters, William C. | natural earth sphere | The inanimate environment of the global biocenosis.
|
Phytosphere | 1912 | Dryer, Charles Redway | natural earth sphere | The totality of vegetable life. |
Phytogeosphere | 1945 | Lavrenko, Evgeni Michajlovic | natural earth sphere | The totality of terrestrial plant life. |
Plasma sphere | 1966 | Carpenter, Donald L. | natural earth sphere | The relatively plasma-rich, inner area of the magnetosphere. Inside the plasma sphere are the Van Allen radiation belts . |
Probiosphere | 1963 | Kovalskij, Viktor Vladislavovič | natural earth sphere | A synonym for biogenosphere. |
Protonosphere | 1960 | Johnson, Francis Severin | natural earth sphere | A section of the earth's atmosphere: the layer of the outer atmosphere, which consists almost exclusively of ionized hydrogen. |
Protosphere | 1959 | Chapman, Sydney | natural earth sphere | A synonym for protonosphere. |
Pyrosphere | natural earth sphere | The layer of solid earth in which molten rocks occur. | ||
Relief sphere | 1969 | Büdel, Julius | natural earth sphere | The totality of the surface forms of the earth. |
Sedimentosphere | natural earth sphere |
|
||
Solusphere | 1957 | Rainwater, Frank Hays and White, Walter Finch Jr. | natural earth sphere | The total occurrence of aqueous solutions. |
Stratisphere | 1940 | Pustovalov, Leonid Vasilevich | natural earth sphere | The proportion of the lithosphere made up of sediments and sedimentary rocks . |
stratosphere | 1908 | Teisserenc de Bort, Léon-Philippe | natural earth sphere | A section of the earth's atmosphere: the layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere. |
Tectonosphere | 1968 | Belousov, Vladimir Vladimirovich E. | natural earth sphere | The area where plate tectonics takes place. So earth's crust and upper mantle, or lithosphere and asthenosphere. |
Tectosphere | 1899 | Murray, John and others | natural earth sphere |
|
Terrasphere | natural earth sphere |
|
||
Terresphere | natural earth sphere |
|
||
Thalassosphere | natural earth sphere | A synonym for oceanosphere. | ||
Thermosphere | 1924 | Sen, Sachindra Nath | natural earth sphere | A section of the earth's atmosphere: the layer above the atmospheric mesosphere. |
Toposphere | 1953 | Winkler, Ernst | natural, partially natural or culturally conditioned earth sphere |
|
Troposphere | 1908 | Teisserenc de Bort, Léon-Philippe | natural earth sphere | A section of the earth's atmosphere: the layer of the atmosphere closest to the earth's surface. |
Turbosphere | 1950 | Chapman, Sydney | natural earth sphere | A section of the earth's atmosphere: the layer of the atmosphere in which all air particle fractions are mixed through various processes. |
Hydrogen sphere | 1911 | Wegener, Alfred Lothar | natural earth sphere | A section of the earth's atmosphere: the layer of the atmosphere, which consists almost entirely of hydrogen. Also called geocorona , derived from geocoronium sphere . |
Centrisphere | 1956 | Kapustinski, Anatoly Fjodorowitsch | natural earth sphere | A synonym for the core of the earth. |
Centrosphere | 1901 | Dryer, Charles Redway | natural earth sphere | The geospheric mesosphere and the earth's core. |
Zoosphere | 1913 | Grabau, Amadeus William | natural earth sphere | The totality of animal life. |
See also
Individual evidence
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- ^ WR Peltier: Models Of Glacial Isostasy And Relative Sea Level. In: AW Bally, PL Bender, TR McGetchin, RI Walcott (Eds.): Dynamics of Plate Interiors . Washington, 1980, p. 111.
- ^ I. Ritsema: Time in relation to geoscientific data. In: L. Hered (Ed.): Time in GIS: issues in spatio-temporal modeling . Delft, 2000, p. 58.
- ↑ KR Krishna: Agrosphere . Boca Raton, 2003.
- Jump up ↑ H. Vereecken, P. Buraue, J. Groeneweg, E. Klumpp, W. Mittelstaedt, HD Narres, T. Pütz, J. van der Kruk, J. Vanderborght, F. Wendland: Research at the Agrosphere Institute: From the Process Scale to the Catchment Scale. In: Vadose Zone Journal. 8, 2009, pp. 664-669.
- ^ AW Goodspeed: The American Philosophical Society. In: Science. 39, 1914, p. 842.
- ^ J. Barrell: The strength of the Earth's crust. I. Part IV. In: The Journal of Geology. 22, 1914, p. 296.
- ^ J. Barrell: The strength of the Earth's crust. I. Part VI. In: The Journal of Geology. 22, 1914, pp. 655-683.
- ^ GN Katterfeld: The Face of the Earth and its Origin . Springfield 1969, p. 32.
- ^ J. Wilkins: A Discovery of a New World . London 1638, p. 103.
- ^ S. Chapman: Upper Atmospheric Nomenclature. In: Journal of Geophysical Research. 55, 1950, pp. 395-399 or in Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. 1, 1950, pp. 121-124 or in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 31, 1950, pp. 288-290.
- ↑ B. Gutenberg: About the constitution of the earth's interior, derived from earthquake observations. In: Physikalische Zeitschrift. 14, 1913, pp. 1217-1218.
- ↑ L. Wen: Earth's Structure, Core. In: HK Gupta (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics . Dordrecht, 2011, p. 137.
- ^ SN Sen: On the distribution of air density over the globe. In: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 50, 1924, p. 30.
- ^ GW Prölss: Physics of Near-Earth Space Berlin 2004, p. 73.
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- ^ S. Chapman: Upper Atmospheric Nomenclature. In: Journal of Geophysical Research. 55, 1950, pp. 395-399 or in Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. 1, 1950, pp. 121-124 or in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 31, 1950, pp. 288-290.
- ^ GR Sonnemann: Specific Features of the High Atmosphere. In: J. Lastovicka (Ed.): Geophysics and Geochemistry. Volume 2, Oxford 2009, p. 357.
- ^ S. Chapman: Upper Atmospheric Nomenclature. In: Journal of Geophysical Research. 55, 1950, pp. 395-399 or in Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. 1, 1950, pp. 121-124 or in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 31, 1950, pp. 288-290.
- ^ F. Barlier: Observations of the Earth's atmosphere: Introductory remarks. In: Comptes Rendus Geoscience. 342, 2010, p. 301.
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- ^ C. Emiliani: Planet Earth: Cosmology, Geology, and the Evolution of Life and Environment . Cambridge 1992, pp. 161, 413.
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- ^ NA Campbell: Biology. Heidelberg 1997, p. 1160.
- ^ CF Talman: The Language Of Meteorology. In: The Popular Science Monthly. 03, 1911, p. 277.
- ↑ cf. GW Prölss: Physics of Near-Earth Space. Berlin 2004, p. 32 with GW Prölss: Physics of the Earth's Space Environment. New York 2004, p. 32.
- ↑ E. Suess: The emergence of the Alps . Vienna 1875, pp. 158–159.
- ↑ RFJ Hüttl (Hrsg.): A planet full of surprises: New insights into System Earth / Our Surprising Planet: New Insights into System Earth . Heidelberg 2011, p. 276.
- ^ GA Maximovich: Porosity of Geospheres. In: Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences de l'URSS. 37, 1942, p. 217.
- ^ H. Louis, K. Fischer: General Geomorphology. Berlin 1979, p. 132.
- ^ I. Lehmann: P '. In: Publications du Bureau Central Séismologique International. A14 (1936), pp. 87-115.
- ↑ L. Wen: Earth's Structure, Core. In: HK Gupta (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics . Dordrecht 2011, p. 137.
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