Latreilles black spider

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Latreilles black spider
Latreilles smooth-bellied spider (Zelotes latreillei), female

Latreilles smooth-bellied spider ( Zelotes latreillei ), female

Systematics
Order : Spiders (Araneae)
Subordination : Real spiders (Araneomorphae)
Superfamily : Gnaphosoidea
Family : Flat-bellied spiders (Gnaphosidae)
Genre : Black spiders ( Zelotes )
Type : Latreilles black spider
Scientific name
Zelotes latreillei
( Simon , 1878)

Latreilles black spider ( Zelotes latreillei ), also known as the undemanding black spider , is a spider from the family of flat-bellied spiders (Gnaphosidae). The species is distributed in the Palearctic .

features

male

The female of Latreilles black spider reaches a body length of 5.3 to 9.5 millimeters and the male one of 4.5 to 7.5 millimeters. Like all smooth-bellied spiders, this species has a short-legged and strong body.

The basic color of Latreille's black spider ranges from dark red-brown to brown-black. The femora (thighs) of the first pair of legs are each provided with a light and yellow spot and the tarsi (limbs) all appear lighter. The opisthosoma (abdomen) of the male is provided with a cuticle.

Similar species

Female of the common black spider ( Zelotes subterraneus )

Within the genus of the black spiders ( Zelotes ) there are many species that are similar to one another, which can then only be reliably distinguished from latreilles black spider by genital morphological features. An example would be the common black spider ( Z. subterraneus ) , which is also widespread and common .

Occurrence

Sometimes the English Downs , here in the British county of Hampshire, are inhabited by Latreille's black spider.

The distribution area of ​​Latreille's black spider extends over Europe , Turkey , the Caucasus , Russia and Kazakhstan to southern Siberia .

As habitats of all kinds to be taken just as clear land and forests and bogs of the type dry and wet habitats. However, open areas such as heaths and especially the downs in England are apparently preferred over the other biotopes. Latreilles black spider lives primarily in the lowlands and can be found up to a height of about 700 meters above sea level.

Threat and protection

Due to its adaptability, Latreille's black spider is common in many areas when suitable habitats are available. In the Red List of Threatened Species of Animals, Plants and Fungi in Germany , the species is classified as "not endangered " and therefore enjoys no protection. The global population of the black bellied spider is not rated by the IUCN .

Way of life

Scheme of a female including the position of the eyes and the ventral view of the area between the labium (lower lip) and the chelicerae (jaw claws), detail from The Common Spiders of the United States by Ginn & Company. Boston. (1902).

Like all black spiders ( Zelotes ) and also like many smooth-bellied spiders (Gnaphosidae), Latreille's black spider is predominantly nocturnal and hides during the day under stones, wood, etc., where, like all smooth-bellied spiders, it makes a web of living space and prefers to stay in this at this time. Latreille's black spider is increasingly active on sunny days but also during the day and then walks across the ground.

Likewise, Latreille's black spider, like all smooth-bellied spiders, does not create a spider web to catch prey, but instead hunts prey as a prey hunter , which is grabbed in one jump and bitten at the same time. A thread spun by the spider prevents prey from fleeing.

Phenology and reproduction

The phenology (time of activity) of Latreille's black spider includes the whole year, with adult specimens of both sexes most frequently to be found from late spring to autumn. Some time after mating, the female makes a white or pink-colored, disc-shaped, white or pink egg cocoon like all black spiders ( Zelotes ), which the female guards until hatching.

Systematics

Latreille's black spider underwent more renaming and rearrangements and was called Prosthesima latreillei when it was first described by Eugène Simon in 1878 , before the same author changed to the genus Zelotes in 1914 and the scientific name Zelotes latreillei resulted. Latreille's black spider has several synonyms , these are:

  • Prosthesima petiverii Bösenberg , 1902
  • Prosthesima atra Bösenberg , 1902
  • Zelotes egregius Simon , 1914

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Zelotes latreillei (Simon, 1878) at araneae Spiders of Europe, by Wolfgang Nentwig, Theo Blick, Robert Bosmans, Daniel Gloor, Ambros Hänggi & Christian Kropf, accessed on March 19, 2020.
  2. ↑ a b Heiko Bellmann: The cosmos spider guide. Over 400 species in Europe. Kosmos Naturführer, Kosmos (Franckh-Kosmos), 2nd edition, 2016, p. 246, ISBN 978-3-440-14895-2 .
  3. ↑ a b Zelotes latreillei (Simon, 1878) in the WSC World Spider Catalog , accessed March 19, 2020.
  4. ↑ a b c d Zelotes latreillei (Simon, 1878) at the British Arachnological Society, accessed March 19, 2020.
  5. ↑ Zelotes latreillei (Simon, 1878) at the Red List Center, accessed on March 19, 2020.
  6. ^ Zelotes latreillei (Simon, 1878) at Global Biodiversity Information Facility , accessed on March 19, 2020.
  7. ↑ Gnaphosidae (Pocock, 1898) from Ed Nieuwenhuys, accessed March 19, 2020.

literature

  • Heiko Bellmann: The cosmos spider guide. Over 400 species in Europe. Kosmos Naturführer, Kosmos (Franckh-Kosmos), 2nd edition, 2016, ISBN 978-3-440-14895-2 .

Web links

Commons : Latreilles Black Spider  - Collection of images, videos and audio files