Le symbols

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“Speak French, be clean”, written on a school wall in Ayguatébia-Talau
Map of the Languages ​​and Dialects of France; red the originally Occitan varieties

Le symbols , also known as ar vuoc'h ("the cow "), was a punishment used by Francophone school principals in public and private schools in Brittany , Occitania , the Basque Country and northern Catalonia in the 19th and 20th centuries . Specifically, it is a block, for example in the form of a wooden shoe or slate, that was hung around the neck of schoolchildren using their regional mother tongue.

Its use goes back mainly to Jules Ferry , who in the 1880s imposed a series of strict measures to further weaken regional languages ​​such as Breton , Occitan or Catalan (known as patois ) in France , such as a 1998 report by Bernard Poignant to Lionel Jospin shows.

The porter could pass the log on to one of his classmates as soon as he heard him speak a regional language. For example, the student who was in possession of the Symbol at the end of the break, half day, or day was punished with manual labor, extra homework, flogging, or organized ridicule, some of which was led by the headmaster .

The main purpose of its use was to exclude the target language from school and play, to mock those who did not follow the established language rules and, last but not least, to contribute to disadvantageous students and prevent student solidarity. For example, in 1860, before compulsory schooling was introduced , Occitan native speakers represented more than 39% and the French-speaking population was 52%. Their share fell to 26–36% in the 1920s and then fell to less than 7% in 1993.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Nicolas de la Casinière: Ecoles Diwan, la bosse du breton ( fr ) October 1, 1998. Archived from the original on October 14, 1999. Retrieved on June 28, 2008.
  2. ↑ LANGUES ET CULTURES REGIONALES - Rapport de Monsieur Bernard Poignant - Maire de Quimper A Monsieur Lionel Jospin - Premier Ministre Le 1er juillet 1998, chez.com
  3. ↑ Louis de Baecker, Grammaire comparée des langues de la France , 1860, p. 52: parlée dans le Midi de la France par quatorze millions d'habitants ("spoken in southern France by fourteen million inhabitants"). [1] + [2]
  4. ^ Yann Gaussen, Du fédéralisme de Proudhon au Félibrige de Mistral , 1927, p. 4: [...] défendre une langue, qui est aujourd'hui la mère de la nôtre, parlée encore par plus de dix millions d'individus [...] ("protects a language that is still used by more than ten Millions of people is spoken to "). [3]
  5. ↑ Stephen Barbour & Cathie Carmichael, Language and nationalism in Europe , 2000, p. 62