Limmu-Ennarea

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The Kingdom Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea was one of several kingdoms that are in the 19th century in the region Gibe in Ethiopia formed. It bordered Jimma to the east, Gomma to the south, and Gumma to the west . Beyond the northern border lay various Macha Oromo tribes . Limmu-Ennarea was considered the most civilized of the kingdoms in the Gibe region. In the 1880s, it had a population of 10,000 to 12,000 people. The capital was Sakka .

The territory of the former kingdom is covered with forests. From north to south, a range of hills from 1500 to 2000 meters high runs through the middle of the country. Including the slaves, the population was estimated at around 40,000 in 1880. However, this estimate was made after an epidemic in the late 1840s . Mordechai Abir believes the population before this disaster was 100,000.

history

The kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea was the continuation of the previous kingdom of Ennarea , which had resisted the invasion of the Oromo for many decades, while other kingdoms subordinate to the Ethiopian emperor, such as Bizamo and Konch, had been overrun by them. Nevertheless, Ennarea ultimately drove into a lengthy civil war and "in the middle of the second half of the seventeenth century, Ennarya not only lacked a ruler, rather the feuding leaders in the country probably fought more among themselves than against their common opponent." 1704, when Emperor Iyasu I . undertook a campaign south of the Abbai and reached Gonqa, the fortress of Ennareas on the Gibe river , where he met two rival rulers of the crumbling kingdom. In the years after the emperor's visit, the warring potentates fled step by step south to the kingdom of Kaffa . The remaining Sidama were integrated into society by the Oromo, who in principle did not differentiate according to ethnic origin.

Finally, a powerful warlord, Bofo , son of Boku, dominated the Limmu Oromo by means of his military skill and charisma. Mohammed Hassen dates this to a period between 1800 and 1802. By marrying his daughter Abba Rebus , he formed a connection to the royal house of Jimma. That Abba Rebu traced its descent both to the previously ruling royal house of Ennarea and to a Portuguese soldier of Christovão da Gama's army , who had settled in Ennarea. Abir also notes that, according to another tradition, this marriage was a political union of two rival tribes: the Sapera and the Sigaro. In any case, this Portuguese influence led the kings of Limmu-Ennarea to assume the title Supera ; in contrast to the kings of the other Gibe kingdoms who called themselves "Moti", which in the Oromo language originally referred to the office of war leader (also Abba Dula ) when going through his Gadaa .

In 1825 Bofo resigned and paved the way for his son Abba Bagibo under whose rule Limmu-Ennarea experienced its heyday. Due to wars in neighboring Jimmu, the trade route to Kaffa that led through his kingdom was eagerly used. Abba Bagibo promoted this trade in various ways: on the one hand through supportive measures (e.g. protection from robbers and lower tariffs) and on the other hand by asking the traders in Gonder , Adwa , Derita and Dawe with those from Kaffa and areas south of it to meet in Sakka.

Under Abba Bagibo, the kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea converted to Islam for political reasons rather than conviction . When Catholic missionaries opened a mission in the kingdom in 1846, the king replied: "If you had come 30 years earlier, not only I, but my entire kingdom would have enthusiastically accepted your religion. Now, however, it is impossible."

With Jimma's victory over the Badi-Folla in 1847, the old and better trade route between Kaffa and Shewa reopened. Despite the measures taken later by Abba Bagido, this sealed the heyday of Limmu-Ennarea. After the death of Abba Bagido in 1861 , his untalented son succeeded the throne. He was a fanatical Muslim and hastened the fall of the kingdom.

Limmu-Ennarea was conquered in 1891 by Dejazmach on behalf of Emperor Menelik II . The Dejazmach then had a church built near the royal palace, which was dedicated to St. Marqos. Abba Bagibo, the son of the last king Abba Gomoli , converted to Christianity for political reasons , changed his name to Gabra Selassie and became Fitawrari in the Ethiopian Empire.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Mordechai Abir: Ethiopia. The era of the princes. The challenge of Islam and the re-unification of the Christian empire 1769–1855. Longmans, London et al. 1968, p. 81.
  2. ^ Charles F. Beckingham, George WB Huntingford (Ed.): Some records of Ethiopia 1593-1646. Being extracts from The history of high Ethiopia or Arbassia by Manoel de Almeida. Together with Bahrey's History of the Galla (= Works issued by the Hakluyt Society . Ser. 2, Vol. 107, ISSN  0072-9396 ). Hakluyt Society, London 1954, pp. Lxxviii f.
  3. ↑ Mordechai Abir: Ethiopia. The era of the princes. The challenge of Islam and the re-unification of the Christian empire 1769–1855. Longmans, London et al. 1968, p. 80.
  4. ^ Mohammed Hassen: The Oromo of Ethiopia. A History, 1570-1860. Red Sea Press, Trenton NJ 1994, ISBN 0-932415-94-6 , p. 78.
  5. ↑ This process, called moggaasa , is described by Mohammed Hassen: The Oromo of Ethiopia. A History, 1570-1860. Red Sea Press, Trenton NJ 1994, ISBN 0-932415-94-6 , SS 21 f., And passim discussed.
  6. ^ Mohammed Hassen: The Oromo of Ethiopia. A History, 1570-1860. Red Sea Press, Trenton NJ 1994, ISBN 0-932415-94-6 , p. 103.
  7. ^ J. Spencer Trimingham : Islam in Ethiopia. Geoffrey Cumberlege for the Oxford University Press, Oxford et al. 1952, p. 201.
  8. ↑ These sections are based on the account of Mordechai Abir: Ethiopia. The era of the princes. The challenge of Islam and the re-unification of the Christian empire 1769–1855. Longmans, London et al. 1968, pp. 77-93.
  9. ^ Charles F. Beckingham, George WB Huntingford (Ed.): Some records of Ethiopia 1593-1646. Being extracts from The history of high Ethiopia or Arbassia by Manoel de Almeida. Together with Bahrey's History of the Galla (= Works issued by the Hakluyt Society. Ser. 2, Vol. 107, ISSN  0072-9396 ). Hakluyt Society, London 1954, pp. Lxxxii.