Kingdom of Kaffa

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The kingdom of Kaffa existed from around the end of the 14th century until the conquest by the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II. In 1897 and was located in the area of ​​today's Ethiopian region of Kaffa in the southwest of the Abyssinian highlands . The kingdom was inhabited by the Kaffa or Kefitsho people. The capital was Bonga , located south of Gojeb , and later Anderaccha . The Kingdom of Kaffa is considered to be the place of origin of Arabica coffee . The name of the coffee in numerous languages ​​(e.g. German coffee , French café , English coffee ) is said to go back to the name of the kingdom.

history

founding

The empire is said to have been founded by the first legendary King Minjo . According to legend, Minjo was not born of a woman, but of a stone. Oral tradition has preserved the name of eighteen successors in the five hundred year history of the empire. The tradition was limited to the special merits and heroic deeds of individual rulers. If such circumstances were not given, then the corresponding ruler was not included in the tradition. Other sources are not available, so that the other rulers have disappeared in the dark of history.

Kaffa from the 16th century

Kaffa reached its greatest extent before the raids of the Oromo (formerly also called Galla). The empire, including its vassal states, could have reached from the Sudan lowlands to the East African Rift at that time and extended from the northern erosion furrow of the Omo to the south of the Omo, with both the territory of the Kingdom of Jimma and that of the Kingdom of Limmu within the Reichs would have been.

In the 16th century the Oromo began to settle in the highlands of Abyssinia and to found states and no longer just go for occasional forays. Kaffa fought numerous battles against the Oromo, but had to accept that it was pushed back to the area south of the Goreb River . After the fighting ended, the kingdom intensified its contacts with the Ethiopian Emperor Sarsa Dengel (1564–1597), and Christianity was introduced. Under the reign of the Bonga king (presumably 1565-1605) the empire is said to have been divided into provinces. He is said to have taken over Bonga from the Matto clan and made the town the capital. He is also said to have undertaken military expeditions to the north.

The story of the discovery of Kaffa from a European perspective

Map of Abyssinia (ca.1690). The kingdom is listed as "Regno di Cafate".

Because of its seclusion and seclusion, Kaffa has been compared from a European perspective with a " Tibet of Africa". The kingdom was also known to Europeans by name, but the reports that reached Europe were rather poor. The first mention of the empire as a café goes back to Manuel de Almeida in 1632. This was only to change with the research of Europeans into the sources of the Nile in the 19th century. First the missionary Johann Ludwig Krapf managed to get reports from intermediaries about Kaffa in 1840 when he did not reach Kaffa himself on his travels, but traveled to areas north of Djimma. The British Charles T. Beke was also able to get more detailed reports about Kaffa through intermediaries during his travels and his search for the sources of the Nile from 1843 to 1847.

In 1843, the French Antoine d'Abbadie was the first European to reach the kingdom. He accompanied a prince who had gone to Kaffa to marry his twelfth wife. D'Abbadie spent eleven days in Kaffa and described this stay in his Geographie de l'Ethiopie , published in 1890 . From 1855 the Capuchins began their missionary work in Kaffa with Guglielmo Massaia . Massaia built two churches there, Schappa-Mariam and Schappa-Gabriel. However, the missionaries had to leave Kaffa again in August 1859. Maasaia's records were lost, his twelve-volume reports, written between 1885 and 1895 under the title I miei trentacinque anni di missione nell 'alta Etiopia , are therefore based primarily on memories with regard to Kaffa. Of a larger Italian expedition that started in 1876 , only Antonio Cecchi reached Kaffa after a very adventurous journey. He published a book about his five-year stay in East Africa in 1885 that also dealt with kaffa. The French adventurer Paul Soleillet was able to reach Kaffa at the end of 1883, but had to leave the kingdom only eleven days later.

It was only with the conquest of Kaffa in 1897 that a European came to Kaffa again, as the Russian Alexander Bulatowitsch accompanied the Ethiopian army. In 1905 the Austrian Friedrich Julius Bieber reached an expedition from Baron Alphons von Mylius Kaffa. He toured Ethiopia again in 1909. Bieber published his studies on Kaffa 1920–1923. His work is considered to be one of the most essential books on Kaffa. With the exception of Cecchi's book, Bieber's publications made all previous publications on Kaffa obsolete. From 1925 to 1929 the "German Ethiopia Expedition" took place under the direction of Max Grühl, which also traveled to the former kingdom. In 1928 Enrico Cerulli also traveled to Western Ethiopia and with it Kaffa and recorded what he was still able to find out about the former empire. He published his results in 1932.

End of the kingdom

Ethiopian troops of Ras Wolda Giyorgis on the march back after the submission of Kaffa (photo by Alexander Bulatowitsch)

The Ethiopian expansion efforts, which should lead to the end of the kingdom of Kaffa, began under the rule of the penultimate king of Kaffa Gali Sherochi (1868 to 1890). The ruler (" Ras ") of Shoah was the later Emperor of Ethiopia Menelik II. Even before his coronation as Negus Negesti ("King of Kings") in 1889, Menelik's policy was determined by the expansion of his Shoah domain. In the expansion towards the White Nile and thus to Kaffa, French ambitions may have played a role to counter the British ambitions of connecting English colonial possessions "from Cape to Cairo" through French possessions in Sudan and a friendly Greater Ethiopia. In 1881 the Shoah launched its first attack on Kaffa. At the behest of the ruler of Shoa the commander Ras Gobanna attacked for the first time to the Kingdom, there was a promise of tribute , which was, however, not complied with. Menelik now took on the title of "Negus von Kaffa". Ras Gobanna had to withdraw on Menelik's orders, however, in order to fight with his troops against another Ethiopian ruler, the Takla Haiamont. However, the Emperor of Ethiopia Yohannes IV withdrew the title of Negus of Kaffa from Menelik in order to curb his increase in power, and gave it to Takla Haiamont, who, however, had to surrender Menelik's troops after the Battle of Imbabo in 1882 and returned the title to Menelik transmitted back.

In 1890 and 1892 there were attempts at conquest by Ethiopia, which were rejected in both cases.

With the Battle of Adua on March 1, 1896, Menelik II ended Italy's colonial efforts. If the Ethiopian army was already adequately equipped with modern weapons before the battle to even counter European armed forces, it was able to strengthen itself after the battle with the captured war material. In contrast, Kaffa had mainly traditional weapons, such as spears, and possibly only 300 rifles in more modern weapons . More modern military equipment is said to have not been available, as the last king of Kaffa is said to have banned imports. The ban was intended to prevent revolts against his rule.

Shortly after the Battle of Adua, Menelik II ordered another attack on Kaffa in Addis Ababa. On September 11, 1897, Gaki Sherocho was the last king of Kaffa to surrender to the united armed forces of Ethiopia after months of fighting. With the end of the kingdom there was a considerable depopulation of the area. It is estimated that around 60 percent of the population perished or were abducted during the fighting. The land was now considered the property of the Negus Negesti. Under Menelik II, therefore, generous distributions were made to soldiers who were involved in the invasion.

When the Ethiopian provinces were reorganized in 1942, the former Kingdom of Kaffa was merged with other areas to form the Province of Kaffa .

Political structure

Gaki Sherocho , the last king of Kaffa, after his capture by the Ethiopians in 1897

At the head of the state was the king, who had political and spiritual significance. Originally the king had the title Tato , which means "king". With the expansion of power over neighboring kingdoms, he carried the title Aadiyo or Attio , which means "King of kings". The full title of the king Kafino tato meant " kaffa king" and not "king of kaffa". According to tradition, the name of the kingdom should be derived from this address.

Based on information obtained from local middlemen, the traveler Charles Tilstone Beke described the king of Kaffa in 1843 as more powerful and richer than all the rulers of the Oromo and all of Abyssinia . The rule is despotic. From today's perspective, however, there are doubts about a pronounced despotism.

A council called Mikerecho was attached to the king . The members of the council had both departmental responsibilities and could also act as a collegiate body. Of these seven advisers, the king could only freely name and remove the kateme-rasho , the minister of war. The remaining members of the Mikerecho were appointed by the other Mikerecho. The council elected the new king, the predecessor could only suggest his successor, but the election could fall on any other member of the ruling Minjo clan.

At the time of the so-called Bonga King (middle or end of the 16th century ), the empire was initially divided into twelve provinces (Showo or Shawo). After a provincial reform in the 19th century, however, there were eighteen provinces. These were again subdivided into districts ( rash show , the name probably varied). There were 134 such districts at the end of the kingdom. As a sign of their dignity, the district heads wore silver necklaces, red cloth tunics, a leopard skin and a staff. They had to collect taxes and also had judicial duties. The office of the district heads remained in the hands of the same clan, with the power of the district chief depending heavily on the support of his clan.

After all, the lowest administrative level was the village or the municipality.

Social structure

The society in Kaffa was initially divided into clans . These in turn were integrated into a class system. After that there were the following classes:

  • Oge Ashi Yaroo , the clans of great people. These were the clans who owned land and slaves .
  • Dea Ashi Yaroo , the clans of the so-called good people.
  • Sharare Ashi Yaroo , the simple clans or “thin people”.
  • Gonde Ashi Yaroo , the "bad people" clans. This group included on the one hand the slaves, but also the ethnic group of the Manjo, regarded as "hunters".

Location and climate

The northern border of the kingdom was formed in the 19th century by the Gojeb flowing from west to east , a tributary of the Omo . To the north of the Gojeb lay the kingdoms of the Oromo . To the north the kingdom of Gera and west of it the kingdom of Jimma bordered on Kaffa. To the northwest was the Kingdom of Garo . In the east the areas of the Konta and the Kullo were still within the arc of the Omo, in the southeast the area of ​​the Chara joined. In the south, Kaffa reached as far as the Omo.

Max Grühl described the landscape of Kaffa as follows:

“When the hand of the creator of all things created the great central African jungle, it took a scrap from it and threw it into the mountains at the north end of Lake Rudolf ; so Kaffa became a woodland full of gloomy beauty. "

The territory of the kingdom reaches heights of 3,000 meters above sea level . Despite its relatively close location to the equator (6.15 degrees north of the equator), it has a rather mild climate due to its altitude. The annual average temperatures amount to 12-26 ° C . The climate is characterized by a dry and a rainy season . The rainy season lasts from May to September, at the height of the rainy season from mid-June to the end of August there is heavy rainfall, overall it rains daily during the rainy season. There are occasional rains here even during the dry season. In Bonga , the average rainfall is 1800 mm per year.

Economic basics

Kaffa was on several trade routes and was therefore an important trading center. It had direct trade contacts with Kullo, Konta and Walamo . The trade routes reached to the Somali coast, the Red Sea and Sudan , to Zeila , Massaua or Metemma . The main market took place on a small plain near Tiffa, south of Bonga. This market operated four days a week.

Agriculture

The entire land in Kaffa was initially owned by the king, the residents of Kaffa leased it from him, and he could withdraw it at any time. As a rule, however, ownership of the land was passed on from father to eldest son.

Agriculture in the Kingdom of Kaffa in the 1880s was described by Cecchi as a subsistence economy in which only as much was harvested as could be consumed or exchanged immediately. Besides food, flax , cotton and tobacco were grown. Of grain was barley , finger millet , maize , millet , teff and wheat grown. Otherwise, beans , peas , lentils , colocasia , black cumin , cabbage , cardamom , garlic , ramtill , onions , potatoes and tomatoes were grown as food plants.

The livestock and animal husbandry in the Kingdom of Kaffa included cattle , sheep , goats , horses , donkeys mules , dogs , poultry and civet cats, but not pigs .

There were numerous taboos about food. For example, men did not eat cabbage, women did not eat poultry and priests were not allowed to eat beef.

The tobacco was in hookahs enjoyed and by Muslim traders consuming was Khat arrived in Kaffa.

coffee

Representation of a branch of the Arabica coffee plant from Koehler's medicinal plants in lifelike illustrations with brief explanatory texts (1887)

Kaffa is considered to be the place of origin of coffee . The name in numerous languages ​​(e.g. German coffee , French café , English coffee ) is said to go back to the name of the kingdom. Due to the rich gene pool of the wild coffee trees found in southwest Ethiopia , the southwest highlands of Abyssinia can be regarded as a reliable region of origin for Arabica coffee , but scientific evidence that caffa is the origin has not yet been provided due to the lack of more detailed studies. According to tradition, coffee was discovered by a shepherd in Kaffa, who is said to have noticed that a goat began to dance after eating the fruits of the coffee plant. In addition to collecting the coffee in forests, the coffee was produced using the horticultural method. It is said that there were hardly any houses in Kaffa that were not surrounded by coffee bushes. The Kingdom of Kaffa exported coffee and was considered the most important coffee producer in Africa before the invasion in 1897. The export was estimated at 350  tons .

Civet

The economic basis of the kingdom was also the export of civet , an anal secretion of the male civet cat , which is the basis for the production of perfumes . According to Antonio Cecchi , 200 civet cats are said to have been caught and caged annually in order to win the civet. The secretion obtained was filled into beef horns. The best civet was plump and reddish in color, the worst quality liquid and whitish. Sometimes the civet was adulterated with honey, butter or corn flour.

Slave trade

The slave trade was also important . Towards the end of the 19th century, around 7,000 slaves were being sold in Kaffa every year. The slave trade followed three main routes from Kaffa: on the one hand over the highlands from Abyssinia to Massaua on the Red Sea , then on the second route over Jimma to the Somali coast near Zeila and the third to Metemma .

ivory

Another commodity of Kaffa was ivory . According to Cecchi, around 8 tons are said to have been sold and exported to the Kaffa markets every year  . The tusks of the elephants are said to have been sold in the absence of sufficiently large scales according to their estimated weight. The source of supply for the ivory was on the one hand the hunt in Kaffa, but also the payment for goods imported from the coast by tribes in the south with ivory.

Other export goods

Natural rubber continued to be collected in the forests and then exported. The spice cardamom was also exported.

Ruler

Kings

  • Mindscho, approx. 1390 – approx. 1425
  • Girra, approx. 1425 – approx. 1460
  • Addio (also known as Addiotscho), approx. 1460 – approx. 1495
  • unknown, approx. 1495 – approx. 1530
  • Wodi Gafo, approx. 1530 – approx. 1565
  • Name unknown , approx. 1565 – approx. 1605
  • Giba Netschotscho, approx. 1605 – approx. 1640
  • Galli Gafotscho, approx. 1640 – approx. 1675

Emperor

  • Galli Ginotscho, approx. 1675 – approx. 1710
  • Gaki Gaotscho, ca.1710–1742
  • Galli Gaotscho ("Gallo"), 1742–1775
  • Shagi Sharotscho, 1775–1795
  • Beschi Ginotscho, 1795-1798
  • Hotti Gaotscho. 1798-1821
  • Gaha Netschotscho, 1821-1845
  • Gawi Netschotscho, 1845-1854
  • Kaje Scherotscho, 1854–1870
  • Galli Scherodsch, 1870–1890
  • Gaki Scherotscho ("Tschinito"), 1890–1897

literature

  • Friedrich J. Bieber : History of the kings of Kaffa. Lore of the Kaffitscho or Gonga. In: Announcements of the seminar for oriental languages ​​at the Royal Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin. Vol. 19, 1916, pp. 94-123, digitized .
  • Friedrich J. Bieber: Kaffa. An old Kushite folk in Inner Africa. News about country and people, customs and traditions of the Kaffitscho or Gonga and the Kaffa Empire (= Anthropos Library . Vol. 2, 2–3, ZDB -ID 574267-5 ). 2 volumes. Aschendorff, Münster 1920–1923.
  • Antonio Cecchi : Travels through the southern border countries of Abyssinia from Zeila to Kaffa. Five years in East Africa. After the Italian original in an abbreviated version by M. Rumbauer . Brockhaus, Leipzig 1888.
  • Max Grühl: To the emperor god of Kaffa. As a researcher on your own in darkest Africa. Schlieffen-Verlag, Berlin 1938.
  • George WB Huntingford: The Galla of Ethiopia. The Kingdoms of Kafa and Janjero (= Ethnographic Survey of Africa. Vol. 2, ZDB -ID 446768-1 ). International African Institute, London 1955.
  • Amnon Orent: Refocusing the History of Kafa prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes. In: African Historical Studies. Vol. 3, No. 2, 1970, pp. 263-293, doi : 10.2307 / 216217 .
  • Werner J. Lange: History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia) (= Studies on Cultural Studies. Vol. 61). Franz Steiner, Wiesbaden 1982, ISBN 3-515-03399-8 .
  • Bekele Woldemariam: The History of the Kingdom of Kaffa. The Birthplace of Coffee. 1390-1935. ARCCIKCL, Addis Ababa 2010.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ines Possemeyer: Wild coffee. In: GEO . Issue 07, 2011, pp. 116–121 .
  2. ↑ a b c Till Stellmacher: Governing the Ethiopian Coffee Forests. A Local Level Institutional Analysis in Kaffa and Bale Mountains (= Bonn Studies on Economic Sociology. Vol. 27). Shaker, Aachen 2007, ISBN 978-3-8322-5371-4 , p. 82, (also: Bonn, Universität, Dissertation, 2006), online (PDF; 3.51 MB) .
  3. ↑ Max Grühl: To the God King of Kaffa. 1938, pp. 276-280.
  4. ↑ Bekele Woldemariam: The History of the Kingdom of Kaffa. 2010, p. 117.
  5. ↑ Max Grühl: To the God King of Kaffa. 1938, p. 270.
  6. ^ Pierre Bertaux : Africa. From prehistory to the states of the present (= Fischer Weltgeschichte . Vol. 32). Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1966, p. 105.
  7. ↑ a b c Käfa history. In: Encyclopaedia Aethiopica . Volume 3: Siegbert Uhlig (Ed.): He – N. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2007, ISBN 978-3-447-05607-6 .
  8. ↑ Amnon Orent: Refocusing the History of Kafa prior to 1897. In: African Historical Studies. Vol. 3, No. 2, 1970, pp. 263-293, here pp. 269-270.
  9. ↑ Max Grühl: To the God King of Kaffa. 1938, p. 271.
  10. ^ Johann L. Krapf : Travels in East Africa. Executed in the years 1837–55. Part 1. Self-published, Kornthal 1858, p. 79 ff.
  11. ^ A b Charles T. Beke : On the Countries South of Abyssinia. In: Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. Vol. 13, 1843, pp. 254-269, here p. 262, doi : 10.2307 / 1798150 .
  12. ^ Antonio Cecchi: Five Years in East Africa. 1888.
  13. ^ Friedrich J. Bieber: Kaffa. An old Kushite folk in Inner Africa. 2 volumes. 1920-1923.
  14. ^ GWB Huntingford: The Galla of Ethopia. 1955, p. 103.
  15. ↑ Max Grühl: To the emperor god of Kaffa. 1938, p. 13.
  16. ↑ Enrico Cerulli: Etiopia Occidentale. (Dallo Scioa alla frontiera del Sudan). Note del viaggio 1927–1928 (= Collezione di Opere e di Monograph a cura del Ministero delle Colonie. Vol. 6, ZDB -ID 774918-1 ). Volume 1. Sindacato Italiano Arti Grafiche, Rome 1932.
  17. ^ Pierre Bertaux: Africa. From prehistory to the states of the present (= Fischer Weltgeschichte. Vol. 32). Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1966, p. 198.
  18. ↑ So Max Grühl: To the emperor god of Kaffa. 1938, p. 280 f.
  19. ↑ Max Grühl: To the emperor god of Kaffa. 1938, p. 281.
  20. ↑ Werner J. Lange: History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia). 1982, p. 211.
  21. ↑ Bekele Woldemariam: The History of the Kingdom of Kaffa. 2010, p. 139.
  22. ↑ Max Grühl: To the emperor god of Kaffa. 1938, p. 281.
  23. ↑ Amnon Orent: Refocusing the History of Kafa prior to 1897. In: African Historical Studies. Vol. 3, No. 2, 1970, pp. 263-293, here p. 282.
  24. ^ Dennis E. Showalter : The victory of the Negus - Adua, March 1, 1896. In: Stig Förster , Markus Pöhlmann , Dierk Walter (ed.): Battles of world history. From Salamis to Sinai (= dtv. 34083). Unabridged edition. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-423-34083-5 , pp. 252-254.
  25. ↑ Bekele Woldemariam: The History of the Kingdom of Kaffa. 2010, p. 230.
  26. ↑ Amnon Orent: Refocusing the History of Kafa prior to 1897. In: African Historical Studies. Vol. 3, No. 2, 1970, pp. 263-293, here p. 282.
  27. ↑ Otto Bieber: Mysterious coffee. In the realm of the emperor-gods. Universum, Vienna 1948, p. 41.
  28. ↑ National Coffee Museum ( Memento of the original from March 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ncm.org.et
  29. ^ Till Stellmacher: Governing the Ethiopian Coffee Forests. A Local Level Institutional Analysis in Kaffa and Bale Mountains (= Bonn Studies on Economic Sociology. Vol. 27). Shaker, Aachen 2007, ISBN 978-3-8322-5371-4 , p. 52, (also: Bonn, Universität, Dissertation, 2006), online (PDF; 3.51 MB) .
  30. ↑ Bekele Woldemariam: The History of the Kingdom of Kaffa. 2010, p. 150.
  31. ^ GWB Huntingford: The Galla of Ethiopia. 1955, p. 116.
  32. ↑ Max Grühl: To the emperor god of Kaffa. 1938, p. 277.
  33. ↑ Amnon Orent: Refocusing the History of Kafa prior to 1897. In: African Historical Studies. Vol. 3, No. 2, 1970, pp. 263-293, here pp. 263, 287.
  34. ↑ Bekele Woldemariam: The History of the Kingdom of Kaffa. 2010, pp. 152–154.
  35. ↑ Amnon Orent: Refocusing the History of Kafa prior to 1897. In: African Historical Studies. Vol. 3, No. 2, 1970, pp. 263-293, here pp. 286, 288.
  36. ↑ Amnon Orent: Refocusing the History of Kafa prior to 1897. In: African Historical Studies. Vol. 3, No. 2, 1970, pp. 263-293, here pp. 263, 286.
  37. ↑ Bekele Woldemariam: The History of the Kingdom of Kaffa. P. 137.
  38. ↑ Amnon Orent: Refocusing the History of Kafa prior to 1897. In: African Historical Studies. Vol. 3, No. 2, 1970, pp. 263-293, here p. 284.
  39. ↑ Bekele Woldemariam: The History of the Kingdom of Kaffa. 2010, p. 17.
  40. ↑ Amnon Orent: Refocusing the History of Kafa prior to 1897. In: African Historical Studies. Vol. 3, No. 2, 1970, pp. 263-293, here pp. 263, 291.
  41. ↑ Bekele Woldemariam: The History of the Kingdom of Kaffa. 2010, p. 179.
  42. ↑ Bekele Woldemariam: The History of the Kingdom of Kaffa. 2010, p. 97.
  43. ↑ See attached map The Kingdoms of Kaffa and Janjero. In: GWB Huntingford: The Galla of Ethiopia. 1955.
  44. ↑ Max Grühl: To the emperor god of Kaffa. 1938, p. 270.
  45. ↑ Bekele Woldemariam: The History of the Kingdom of Kaffa. 2010, pp. 16-17.
  46. ^ GWB Huntingford: The Galla of Ethiopia. 1955, p. 111.
  47. ^ GWB Huntingford: The Galla on Ethiopia. 1955, pp. 109, 112.
  48. ^ GWB Huntingford: The Galla on Ethiopia. 1955, p. 112.
  49. ^ Antonio Cecchi: Five Years in East Africa. 1888, p. 438.
  50. ^ A b G. WB Huntingford: The Galla of Ethiopia. 1955, p. 107.
  51. ^ GWB Huntingford: The Galla of Ethiopia. 1955, p. 105.
  52. ^ GWB Huntingford: The Galla of Ethiopia. 1955, p. 109 f.
  53. ^ GWB Huntingford: The Galla of Ethiopia. 1955, p. 110.
  54. ^ Antonio Cecchi: Five Years in East Africa. 1888, p. 438.
  55. ↑ Werner J. Lange: History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia). 1982, p. 8.
  56. ^ GWB Huntingford: The Galla of Ethiopia. 1955, p. 106.
  57. ^ Antonio Cecchi: Five Years in East Africa. 1888, p. 445 ff.
  58. ^ Kingdom of Kaffa . In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 4th edition. Volume 9, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, p. 354.
  59. ^ Antonio Cecchi: Five Years in East Africa. 1888, p. 449.
  60. ^ Antonio Cecchi: Five Years in East Africa. 1888, p. 447.
  61. ^ Antonio Cecchi: Five Years in East Africa. 1888, p. 448.
  62. ^ GWB Huntingford: The Galla of Ethiopia. 1955, p. 109.
  63. ↑ Bekele Woldemariam: The History of the Kingdom of Kaffa. 2010, pp. 45-46.