Limewood
| Linden tree | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Tree species | |
| origin |
Europe |
| colour |
whitish to yellowish, more often reddish or light brownish tint |
| Material properties | |
| Bulk density mean | 490-530 kg / m³ |
| Raw density limit values | 320-600 kg / m³ |
| Axial shrinkage | 0.3% |
| Radial shrinkage | 5.5% |
| Tangential shrinkage | 9.1% |
| Flexural strength | 90-106 N / mm² |
| Compressive strength | 44-52 N / mm² |
| tensile strenght | 85 N / mm² |
| Thermal conductivity | 0.104 W / (m K) |
| Fuel properties | |
| Calorific value | 4.2 kWh / kg |
As linden wood is wood of various kinds of Linden (genus Tilia ) designated as lumber may be used. In Europe these are the winter linden , the summer linden and the Dutch linden . The linden wood was the preferred material for sculpture and carving in the late Gothic period . Even today, sculpting, carving and turning are the main areas of application for linden wood, as it can be worked well in all directions, but Weymouth pine is more commonly used.
According to DIN 4076, "LI" is the abbreviation for summer and winter linden.
origin
The wood of the winter linden ( Tilia cordata ), the summer linden ( Tilia platyphyllos ) and the Dutch linden ( Tilia × europaea ), a cross of the first two, is used as linden wood . The natural distribution area of the winter linden tree extends from Northern Europe through Central Europe to Eastern Europe. The Urals and the Black Sea form the eastern limit of distribution. The natural distribution area of the summer linden tree extends over the southern part of Europe with the Caucasus as the eastern and the German low mountain ranges as the northern distribution limit. Both species can be found cultivated all over Europe. As a forest tree, the linden tree in Central Europe was pushed back in favor of the beech tree, as its wood was viewed as valuable timber and firewood.
Appearance
The linden is one of the mature wood trees and has a light heartwood that does not differ in color from the sapwood . The wood is light colored, whitish to yellowish and often has a reddish or brownish tinge and has a dull sheen. It is more rarely striped or spotted with greenish tones. The very fine vessels are dispersed and arranged very regularly. The vessels and the wood rays are only indistinctly visible in the cross section. On the radial surfaces, the wood rays form easily recognizable mirrors up to 2 millimeters high . The annual rings are only slightly separated. The wood of the linden species can neither be distinguished microscopically nor macroscopically.
properties
There are no notable differences between the wood of the two linden species native to Central Europe. However, the winter linden is said to be a somewhat heavier, denser and harder wood. Limewood is soft and, with a bulk density of 530 kg / m 3 and 12 to 15% wood moisture, is a medium-weight native hardwood. It is evenly dense, tough, not very elastic and not very firm. It shrinks a lot , but hardly cracks or works when dry. It is quickly attacked by fungi under water or exposed to the weather and is therefore only slightly durable.
Limewood is easy to work with, it can be cut and planed effortlessly and is particularly suitable for carving and turning . It is easy to peel, knife and bend. It can be split easily but not in smooth surfaces. Connections using nails and screws are durable, but the bond strength is sometimes unsatisfactory. The surfaces can be polished , stained and colored easily . Treatment with varnishes is unproblematic.
The wood can turn yellow in sunlight. In contact with iron, gray discolouration forms in the presence of moisture; the iron itself shows severe corrosion . Otherwise the wood is generally chemically inactive.
use
Limewood is sold both as round and as sawn timber , but is only available in small quantities. The main use is sculpture , carving and turnery . Many famous works by German sculptors, especially from the late Gothic period, are made of limewood, including works by Tilman Riemenschneider or Veit Stoss or, several centuries later, Ludwig Schwanthaler . Linden wood was therefore long considered "lignum sacrum" ( Latin for "holy wood") because many statues of saints were carved from it. The Lutheran preacher Hieronymus Bock said of the linden tree: "The wood is used to make the carved pictures, which were venerated in the churches instead of the saints". The Black Madonna of Czestochowa is also painted on limewood. Today, however, the more easily obtainable wood of the Weymouth pine ( Pinus strobus ) is used for carving work. In Germany, the annual consumption of linden wood for carving work is estimated at 3000 to 5000 m³.
Linden wood is also used as blind wood and barrier veneer in furniture production, it is also suitable as an imitation walnut. Front sections of cuckoo clocks, drawing and drawing boards, hat shapes and wooden heads as models for wig-makers are often made of limewood. It is used to manufacture foundry models, toys, kitchen utensils and wooden slippers. Linden wood is also used to make barrels and containers for dry and odor-sensitive goods, to make cheap pencils and matches. In musical instrument making, it is used for the production of harps, for the keyboards of pianos and for the tongues of organ pipes. Also, the solid wood corpus (English: Solid Body ) of electric guitars and bass guitars is some models of linden wood (ger .: Basswood ).
Drawing charcoal and filter charcoal are also made from linden wood ; In the past, coal from limewood was also used to produce gunpowder and as a dental care agent.
proof
literature
- D. Grosser, W. Teetz: Linde . In: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Holz eV (Ed.): Local timber (loose-leaf collection) . No. 17 . Information service wood, wood sales fund - sales promotion fund of the German forest and wood industry, 1998, ISSN 0446-2114 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Peter Niemz: Investigations into the thermal conductivity of selected native and foreign wood species . In: Building Physics 29 . tape 29 , no. 4 . Ernst & Sohn Verlag for Architecture and Technical Sciences GmbH & Co.KG, Berlin 2007, p. 311-312 , doi : 10.1002 / bapi.200710040 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Grosser, Teetz: Linde
- ↑ Werner Maurer, Uwe Tabel: The winter linden and the summer linden . In: Rare Trees in Our Forests - Recognize, Preserve, Use (= publications by the Wald in Not Foundation ). tape 13 . Bonn 2002, p. 16–20, here 18 (online as PDF: Chapter (565 kB), entire issue (3.5 MB) [accessed on March 29, 2015]). Chapter] (565 kB), [http://www.wald-in-not.de/download13/ges13.pdf entire issue ( Memento of the original from December 11, 2003 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ A b Doris Laudert: The myth of the tree: history, customs, 40 tree portraits from maple to lemon . 7th, revised edition. blv, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-8354-0557-8 , p. 169 .
- ↑ Tony Bacon, Dave Hunter: Totally Guitar - the Definitive Guide. (Guitar Encyclopedia , English), p. 27. Backbeat Books, London 2004, ISBN 1-871547-81-4 .
