Brunnhäuser in Munich
The Münchner Brunnhäuser were hydropower-operated pumping stations in Munich , which served the drinking water supply of the city population and the court. They were the earliest form of the Munich waterworks .
history
The numerous Munich city streams that flowed in the lower eastern part of Munich's old town have been used for the supply of water and energy since the Middle Ages. The streams were also used to fill the moats of the Munich city fortifications and to dispose of waste. Drinking water, on the other hand, was obtained from the groundwater via drawing and pump wells .
In 1422 springs began to be gathered in "water rooms" on the right slope of the Isar. Between 1467 and 1471 the first pipeline made of drilled wooden rods was laid from Thalkirchen into the old town. There she fed a fountain on Marienplatz, a predecessor of today's fish fountain .
From the 16th century, fountain houses were built in Munich , where the drinking water was pumped up into water towers , where it was first collected in copper containers and then distributed via pipes. By storing it in the top of the tower, the water received the pressure it needed for distribution. Some new towers were built as water towers, some existing towers of the city wall were converted into water towers, e.g. B. the Heyturm and the Katzenturm . The energy to drive the water pumps was obtained from water wheels that were suspended in streams.
In the first Munich Brunnhaus, which was built on the Isarberg in 1511, the energy for pumping the water still came from the spring water itself. As a result, the flow rate was relatively small. The water power from the western Stadtgrabenbach was used as an energy source for the Brunnhaus at Neuhauser Tor, which was built in 1554 . Other city streams were also used to operate well houses, e.g. B. the Glockenbach and the Katzenbach. Separate canals were built for other wells, e.g. B. the Hofbrunnwerkkanal for the Hofbrunnwerk .
While the first fountain houses were being built by the city, the court built its own fountain house on Lilienberg in 1561, which, like the first urban fountain house, obtained its energy from the spring water itself. In 1562 the Hofbrunnwerk on the northern edge of the Hofgarten followed , to which a separate canal led from the western Stadtgrabenbach , in 1597 the Brunnhaus on Neudeck in der Au to supply the castle there , and in 1660 the Brunnhaus in the Brunnthal near Haidhausen , its water for supply of the Herzogshof over the tube bridge and the Abrechen over the Isar. While the courtyard's wells initially only served to supply the courtyard with drinking water, as capacities increased, the water was also sold to Munich citizens. This created two independent water supply networks. Attempts to combine both water supply systems were unsuccessful. Therefore, the urban area was finally divided up: the Hofbrunnhäuser supplied the northern half of the city, the Stadtbrunnhäuser the southern half.
The city map of the Topographical Bureau from 1806 lists five wells in the city and seven of the courtyard for the water supply of Munich, the well on Neudeck only served to supply the suburb of Au located to the right of the Isar . The fountain houses of Nymphenburg Palace were used to supply drinking water to Nymphenburg Palace and its outbuildings, to supply water to the gardens and to operate the fountains in Nymphenburg Palace Park . In the 19th century, more fountain houses were added, including a. In 1836 the municipal Brunnhaus on the Kalkofeninsel between Kleiner Isar and Auer Mühlbach, later called Muffatbrunnwerk, in 1856 the Hofbrunnhaus am Pfisterbach. Both later received a steam engine to increase the delivery rate. The Pettenkoferbrunnhaus on Dreimühlenbach was built from 1864 to 1866, and the drinking water was of better quality than the wells in the old town. Despite the increasing output, less than half of Munich's residents were still connected to the mains in 1885, while the others continued to get their water from wells.
After the Mangfall Valley was opened up for Munich's drinking water supply , the Brunnhäuser lost their importance. Most were demolished in the early 1890s. Only the Pettenkoferbrunnhaus continued to serve as a water supply and supplied the slaughterhouse . The Muffatbrunnhaus, the Brunnhaus am Katzenbach and the Brunnhaus am Jungfernturm were converted into power plants. The Hofbrunnhaus still fed the fountains in the Hofgarten until 1968 and was then shut down, in 1991 it was restored and put back into operation. The pumping stations in the Grünen Brunnhaus and Johannisbrunnhaus still operate the fountains in the Nymphenburg Palace Park and are the oldest technical systems in Europe with machines that have been working continuously since they were built.
Well houses
| image | Surname |
owner |
location |
powered by |
Construction year |
Operation until |
demolition |
annotation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brunnhaus behind the brother house | city |
Old town ( location ) |
Western Stadtgrabenbach | 1554? | ||||
 |
Brunnhaus in the Brunnthal | court |
Haidhausen , below the Maximilianeum ( location ) |
Spring water | 1660 | 1856 | 1859 | supplied the residence via the tubular bridge and the Abrechen |
 |
Brunnhaus am Glockenbach | city |
Old town , at the main fire station ( location ) |
Glockenbach | 1617 | with the Heyturm as a water tower | ||
 |
Green fountain house | court |
Nymphenburg , village in the palace gardens ( location ) |
Nymphenburg Canal | 1720 | today | - | operates the fountain in the garden ground floor of the Nymphenburg Palace Park |
 |
Herzog-Max-Brunnhaus | court |
Old town ( location ) |
Western Stadtgrabenbach | before 1716 | |||
 |
Hirschgartenbrunnhaus | court |
Nymphenburg , village in the palace gardens ( location ) |
Nymphenburg Canal | 1817/18 | today | - | served the water supply of Nymphenburg Palace and the royal deer garden |
 |
Brunnhaus am Hofgarten , Brunnhaus on the Plachfeld | court |
Old town , north side of the Hofgarten ( location ) |
Hofbrunnwerk Canal | 1562 | today | - | |
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Brunnhaus on the Isarberg, Brunnhaus am Gasteig | city |
Au , am Gasteig ( location ) |
Spring water | 1511 | 1859 | 1859 | first well in the city |
 |
Johannisbrunnhaus | court |
Nymphenburg , north wing of the palace ( location ) |
Nymphenburg Canal | 1807/08 | today | - | operates the fountain in front of Nymphenburg Palace |
 |
Brunnhaus at the Maiden Tower | court |
Old town ( ) |
Western Stadtgrabenbach | 1684 | |||
 |
Brunnhaus am Katzenbach | city |
Old town , south of the junction at Radlsteg / Westenrieder Straße ( location ) |
Katzenbach (Munich) | 1614 | with the Katzenturm as a water tower, used as a power station after the closure of the Brunnhäuser | ||
| Brunnhaus am Lilienberg | court |
Au , am Lilienberg ( location ) |
Spring water | 1561 | first well of the court | |||
 |
Muffatbrunnhaus , well on the Kalkofeninsel | city |
Haidhausen ( location ) |
Muffatbrunnhaus Canal | 1836 | 1883 | - | Operated by a steam engine from 1860, used as a power station after the Brunnhäuser were closed |
 |
Brunnhaus am Neudeck | court |
Au , am Neudeck ( location ) |
Auer Mühlbach | 1597 | supplied water mainly for the floodplain | ||
 |
Brunnhaus at Neuhauser Tor (or at Karlstor) | court |
Old town ( ) |
Western Stadtgrabenbach | 1554? | |||
 |
Brunnhaus on the Oberen Lände | city |
Isarvorstadt , to the side of the Oberen Lände ( location ) |
Mahlmuehlbach | 1707 | 1885 | 1885 | |
 |
Pettenkofer-Brunnhaus | city |
Thalkirchen ( location ) |
Pettenkofer-Brunnhaus Canal | 1864-66 | 1921 | ≈1958 | supplied the slaughterhouse after the general closure of the wells |
 |
Brunnhaus am Pfisterbach | court |
Old town ( ) |
Pfisterbach | 1856 | operated by a steam engine from 1873 | ||
| Residence fountain house | court |
Old town , north side of the Munich Residence ( ) |
Western Stadtgrabenbach | before 1716 | 1845 | 1845 | First mentioned in 1716 as Brunnhaus am Jägerbichl in the residence | |
 |
Slaughterhouse fountain house | city |
Isarvorstadt ( ) |
Dreimühlenbach | 1877 |
literature
- Christine Rädlinger : History of the Munich city streams . Ed .: City Archives Munich . Franz Schiermeier Verlag, Munich 2004, ISBN 978-3-9809147-2-7 .
- Münchner Stadtmuseum , Stadtarchiv München (Ed.): City Atlas Munich digital. 850 years of city history in maps, aerial photos and models . Franz Schiermeier Verlag, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-9811425-3-2 .
- Franz Schiermeier: Munich city streams. Travel guide to the lifelines of a city . Franz Schiermeier Verlag, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-9813190-9-5 .
- Arnold Zenetti : The cattle and slaughter yard in Munich . Franz, Munich 1880.
- Collection of cracks from private a. Municipality buildings, issue 8 - the largest urban fountain in the royal capital and residence of Munich on the Kalkofen Island in front of the Isartor . Cotta, Munich 1843.
Map with all coordinates: