Munich city brooks
The Munich city streams are a system of originally natural, later canalised branches of the Isar . They played a decisive role in the economic development of Munich from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. A large part of the inner-city brooks has now been drained or built over, but many of the still existing bodies of water in Munich , e.g. B. the streams of the English Garden , back to the original city streams.
history
In the early Middle Ages , the Isar in Munich still had a natural course. It ran on the lower terrace of the Munich gravel plain , the Hirschau terrace, and was branched into several side arms, the course of which changed again and again. To the extent that the hydropower of these branches was used as a source of energy for mills, the banks of the branches were fortified to determine their course. New ones were branched off from the existing watercourses, which later reunited with the original or another watercourse. In the course of the Middle Ages, a networked system of streams was created, the individual sections of which were mostly named after the mills located on them. A single stream changed its name several times in its course.
The mills that stood by the streams weren't just grain mills for grinding grain into flour. The water power of the streams was also used for stamping, hammering, sawing and grinding, for example. The city ditches that were built in front of the city walls for better defense were also fed by the city streams. The streams supplied the city with process water . The drinking water, however, was obtained from wells that reached down to the groundwater. From the 16th century, the water power of the brooks was used in Brunnhäusern to pump the groundwater up into water towers and from there it was conducted into the houses via pipes. In addition, the streams were also used for waste disposal. By the Isar entrained sediment and waste that have not been washed away by the water, the water flow of the rivers has been reduced, so that the mills were less energy. That is why a “brook clearance” was carried out over and over again, during which the brooks were drained and the brook beds were shoveled free.
The technical developments of the 19th century meant that the streams largely lost their function. After the construction of drinking water pipes and sewers , various smaller streams were drained and filled in, and almost all city streams were built over. Around 1900 only small sections were above ground. In the 1960s, the city creeks were seen as an "intolerable hindrance" for the expansion of the Munich underground network . In 1966/67, around 12 km of the 17.5 km of existing urban streams were drained.
Historical stream courses
The city streams to the left of the Isar were mostly branches of the Great City Stream, which branched off from the Isar at the Thalkirchner raids and ran on the west side of the Flaucher . An exception was the Dreimühlenbach , which branched off from the Isar before the Great Stadtbach and where there were three mills, and the like. a. the Brudermühle, after which Brudermühlstrasse , -brücke and -steg are named today.
Approximately at the intersection of Isartalstrasse / Ehrengutstrasse, the large Stadtbach split into the Westermühlbach and the Pesenbach. The Westermühlbach fed the inner city streams that flowed into the city surrounded by the medieval city walls, the Pesenbach fed the outer city streams that flowed between the city and the Isar. Shortly after this fork, the Dreimühlenbach flowed into the Westermühlbach.
The Trift Canal formed its own system with its foothills, it served to supply the farm with firewood via the Holztrift .
To the right of the Isar, the Auer Mühlbach with its secondary canals had the same role for the Au as the city streams to the left of the Isar for the city of Munich.
Inner city brooks
The inner city streams formed a closely meshed system. Often times a stream split up or streams that had been divided by different streams flowed together. Individual streams were also named differently in their course. Therefore, only a selection of these streams is listed below.
The Westermühlbach followed the course of the Isartalstraße – Pestalozzistraße. At the northern end of the triangular square “Am Glockenbach”, the Mahlmühlbach first branched off from it. At this junction were the Obere Lände and one of Munich's wells . Because of the raft traffic , there were no mills on the Große Stadtbach and the Westermühlbach upstream of the raft area, as otherwise their wheels would have been in constant danger of being damaged by the rafts.
About 200 m downstream of the Lände, the Glockenbach branched off from the Westermühlbach, which supplied both the water for the city creeks in the Angerviertel and for filling the city ditches. For this purpose, the stream was passed between dams through the moat in front of the outer wall and flowed under the Heyturm into the old town. Weirs in the dams regulated the flow of water to the west and east into the western and eastern Stadtgrabenbach, which flowed in the moats in front of the Zwingermauer around the old town.
Westermühlbach and Mahlmühlbach converged again near the confluence of Fraunhoferstrasse and Müllerstrasse to form the Lazarettbach, which flowed along Müllerstrasse past the military hospital after which the creek was named. At Reichenbachplatz it split into the Roßschwemmbach and the Kaltenbach or Katzenbach. At Scheibling , the Roßschwemmbach was passed over the eastern Stadtgrabenbach into the kennel between the city wall and the Zwingermauer, the Katzenbach flowed under the Katzenturm into the old town.
The continuation of the Glockenbach within the outer city wall was the Great Angerbach. Shortly behind the city wall, the Kleine Angerbach branched off from it, which flowed along the Unteren Anger and initially flowed into the Roßschwemmbach, but was later diverted into the eastern Stadtgrabenbach on alternating paths. A new tributary from the Großer Angerbach was created for one of the former beds of the Kleiner Angerbach. Because this brook crossed the area of the fire house, it was called the fire house brook.
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The Große Angerbach flowed along the Oberanger to the inner city wall, where the Färbergrabenbach branched off to the west, which surrounded the inner city in the moat of the first city wall and was called Hofgrabenbach in its northern section. The Große Angerbach itself turned east at the city wall into the Rosental. At the corner of Rosental / Viktualienmarkt it flows into the Roßschwemmbach to the Pfisterbach. There in front of the Palais Toerring-Seefeld was the Roßschwemme, after which the Roßschwemmbach was named. The Roßschwemmbach continued to flow along the edge of the slope between the Hirschau and the old town terrace in the city moat to the north. From the Talburgtor he was called Pfisterbach after the Hofpfisterei (today Pfistermühle ) that was attached to him. At the corner of Sparkassenstrasse and Hofgraben the Hofgrabenbach flowed into the Pfisterbach. At the Falkenturm the Pfisterbach was led out of the city with a trough bridge over the moat. Approximately at the confluence of Hofgartenstraße with the Altstadtring , the Pfisterbach merged with the western Stadtgrabenbach to form the Köglmühlbach , which flowed east along the Hofgarten .
The Katzenbach, also known as Hochbruckbach after entering the city, flowed along the Radlsteg to the valley, where it was crossed by the high bridge. It had (still under the name of Kaltenbach) formed the border of the first city expansion, and the Kaltenbachtor stood at that time in the direction of the high bridge . Behind the high bridge it flowed through the Hochbrückenstraße and divided into two arms, the Einüttbach, where there was a place where waste was poured into the stream, and the Germ, Gern or Wührbach (after an old name Gern or Wühr for an island) . Both arms united to form the Malzmühlbach, which merged with the eastern Stadtgrabenbach and formed the Kainzmühlbach. Approximately at the confluence of Prinzregentenstrasse in the Altstadtring, Köglmühlbach and Kainzmühlbach flowed together to form the Schwabinger Bach , which continued to flow into the English Garden (until 1945 the section up to the confluence of the Eisbach and Schwabinger Bach was called the "Eisbach").
Outer city streams
The outer city streams, which ran between the outer city wall and the Isar, were far less networked than the inner ones, here the stream course mostly only divided into individual streams, which later flowed together again and divided again. The Pesenbach initially ran north alongside the Westermühlbach. At the end of Geyerstrasse it turned east and flowed along the streets Am Glockenbach and Baumstrasse past St Maximilian . Shortly before the crossing of Baaderstrasse and Fraunhoferstrasse, the Pesenbach divided into the Heiliggeistmühlbach and the Kälbl- or Kaiblmühlbach. Both flowed between Baaderstrasse and Klenzestrasse and merged on Rumfordstrasse to form Stadthammerschmiedbach, which the Salzstrasse leading to the Isartor crossed over the Laimbrücke at today's Isartorplatz .
The Stadthammerschmiedbach and the outer city brooks that branched off from it and flowed through the Lehel were originally called Laim brooks. In Liebigstrasse, the Stadthammerschmiedbach split into the Hacklmühlbach and the Fabrikbach, which converged again at the southern end of St.-Anna-Platz, but were immediately divided into four streams: the Papiererbach, Stadtmühlbach, Stadtsägmühlbach and Gewürzmühlbach. The Gewürzmühlbach flowed back into the Stadtsägmühlbach at Unsöldstraße, the three remaining brooks flowed separately under the three arches of the Eisbachbrücke and merged behind them to form the Eisbach (until 1945, however, this section from the bridge to the confluence of the Eisbach and Schwabinger Bach was called "Schwabinger Bach").
Trift Canal
Another extraction of Isar water took place for the Trift Canal at the level of the Abrechens on the Isar section between Mariannenbrücke and Praterwehrbrücke . The firewood collected from the trash was carried over the Trift Canal into the wood garden, which took up the area delimited by Liebigstraße, Öttingenstraße, Seeaustraße, Lerchenfeldstraße and Wegmüllerstraße, where the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Bavarian National Museum are now located. In the wooden garden there were various fields into which the wood was driven by the water and from which the water was then drained. There the wood was dried and stored for sale or consumption. The water drained from the fields was fed into the Eisbach via the Holzgraben Canal, which flowed along Lerchenfeldstrasse and Öttingenstrasse. Another drainage of the water took place approximately at the height of today's Prinzregentenstrasse over the Vienna Canal into the Isar.
Shortly after the beginning of the Trift Canal, the Hofhammerschmiedbach and the Feuerbächl branched off from it. The Hofhammerschmiedbach ran roughly along Reitmorstrasse and flowed back into the Isar at the level of Paradiesstrasse. The Feuerbächl initially flowed roughly along Sternstrasse and then turned towards Hofhammerschmiedbach, into which it flowed at the height of Prinzregentenstrasse.
Auer Mühlbach
The Auer Mühlbach was originally not counted among the Munich city streams, as the districts of Untergiesing , Au and Haidhausen , through which it flows, were not incorporated into Munich until the 19th century. For these suburbs of Munich on the right side of the Isar, however, it fulfilled the same functions as the city streams to the left of the Isar. Originally, the Auer Mühlbach was branched off from the Isar on the right side of the Isar via a weir near the Marienklause .
Today's stream courses
For a tabular list of the Munich city streams that still carry water today, see also Munich city streams
While the city streams originally branched off directly from the Isar, today they are fed by the Isar-Werkkanal, which branches off the Isar at Buchenhain and runs to the left of the Isar. The raft canal is also branched off from this canal, but with its side canals it is not counted as part of the Munich city streams.
The Große Stadtbach today forms the continuation of the Isar works canal downstream of Isar works 2 . A large part of its water is directed back into the Isar at Isarwerk 3 , only a remainder remains in the Großer Stadtbach, which merges into the Westermühlbach about 250 m further. While the Pesenbach and thus all the outer city creeks are now closed, the Westermühlbach was preserved because of its function as a cooling water inflow for the Müllerstraße thermal power station (now closed in December 2001) and is still largely above ground today. A section of the Westermühlbach, which originally ran along Isartalstrasse under the Rodenstock factory site, was also exposed as a residential area in the course of the new development. The newly created concrete stream bed now runs right through the middle of the residential complex completed in 2016. In Pestalozzistraße, the Glockenbach , which has been moved underground, branches off from the Westermühlbach . The continuation of the Westermühlbach has been drained like the other city streams in the Glockenbachviertel . Near the Sendlinger Tor , the Glockenbach flows underground into the Westliche Stadtgrabenbach , which flows around the entire old town to the west and comes to the surface again for a short section in Hofgartenstrasse. There he feeds the Köglmühlbach, which was newly laid out next to his original bed when the State Chancellery was rebuilt in 1992 . This flows together at the English Garden with the underground Hofbrunnwerk Canal , which is also derived from the western Stadtgrabenbach and flows into the Schwabinger Bach , which continues through the English Garden. Since the Köglmühlbach had been closed in the 1960s, the water of the western Stadtgrabenbach was initially directed underground to the Stadtmühlbach; this connection was retained even after the new Köglmühlbach was built.
Like all other outer city streams, the Pesenbach is drained today. In order to still have enough water to the river system in the English Garden available was for the counting to the former outer city streams factory Bach at the Marianne bridge built a new inlet from the Isar. The Fabrikbach is now only divided into the Stadtmühlbach and the Stadtsägmühlbach . The Stadtsägmühlbach flows under the parish church of St. Anna and the St. Anna School , the location of the former Stadtsägmühle. Since 2006 he has also been operating a small hydropower plant in the east wing of St. Anna-Gymnasium . Both streams are open again today in the inner courtyards of the Wacker House on Prinzregentenstrasse . They flow through separate arches of the Eisbach Bridge under Prinzregentenstrasse and unite immediately behind the bridge to the Eisbach , which also flows through the English Garden.
The Auer Mühlbach is now also branched off from the Isar works canal and led through a culvert on the Marienklausensteg under the Isar to the right side of the river. The old weir on the right side of the Isar is still there, but is not normally used. The Auer Mühlbach flows along the edge of the slope of the Isar high bank and flows back into the Isar downstream from the Praterinsel . The Aubach, which branches off from the Auer Mühlbach in the Hellabrunn zoo and is also called the Freibadbächl in its northern part because it flows through the Schyrenbad , remains close to the Isar and flows back into the Isar upstream from the Museum Island . Two smaller branches of the Auer Mühlbach, the Kunstmühlnebenbach and the Kegelhofbach, flow back into it after just a few hundred meters. Part of the Auer Mühlbach, which was largely vaulted around 1900, was relocated to the surface again in 2002.
Exposure
In September 2019, the building committee of the Munich city council commissioned the city administration to re-open the western Stadtgrabenbach in Herzog-Wilhelm-Straße in the section from Sendlinger Tor to Josephspitalstraße. A schedule is not yet available.
See also
literature
- Peter Klimesch : Isar lust . Discoveries in Munich. MünchenVerlag, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-937090-47-4 .
- Christine Rädlinger : History of the Munich city streams . Ed .: City Archives Munich. Verlag Franz Schiermeier, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-9809147-2-0 .
- Franz Schiermeier : Munich city streams . Travel guide to the lifelines of a city. Verlag Franz Schiermeier, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-9813190-9-5 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ And the mill rattles in the cellar. In: Architekturportal detail.de. Retrieved May 18, 2013 .
- ↑ Thomas Anlauf: Munich Old Town: Stadtbach should come to the surface . Süddeutsche Zeitung, September 17, 2019