List of Lithuanian deities

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This list of Lithuanian deities enumerates the numerous names of deities and mythical beings of Lithuanian mythology that appear in primary literature . Name and function are given based on tradition and commented if necessary. Reconstructed Lithuanian name forms are marked with an asterisk .

Problems of Lithuanian deities

In the old sources over a hundred Lithuanian deities are mentioned, many only once. The sources agree only partially; in addition, they are rated differently by research in terms of their reliability. It should also be noted that earlier authors did not strictly differentiate between the individual Baltic peoples ( Latvians , Lithuanians , Prussians ), which is why Prussian deities are mentioned particularly often in the scriptures .

While older research saw instant deities or special deities in the many names of gods (e.g. Hermann Usener , 1834–1905), more modern research speaks of pseudo deities (e.g. Haralds Biezais , 1909–1995). The many wrong names mostly arose from a lack of language skills and incorrect interpretation of Lithuanian texts. It is assumed that many names actually come from popular puzzles that various chroniclers have mistakenly interpreted as god names. In the work of Jan Łasicki in particular, it can be clearly observed that incorrectly understood passages of folk songs and sayings were interpreted as names of gods.

In addition, even many researchers, especially from the 19th century, evaluated the sources uncritically and as a result, even today, fake deities sometimes appear not only in popular scientific works. The problem is exacerbated by the uncritical attitude of the Baltic neo- pagans ( Romuva ).

Lithuanian folklore, especially the Dainas or folk songs , also plays a special role in the study of Lithuanian mythology . While these were previously evaluated as authentic material by research, today's research is no longer completely uncritical about them, especially if they are more recent, as these were sometimes written by national romantic or neo-pagan people with the intention of certain mythical beings as authentic to be shown. Endre Bojtár also criticizes the fact that only a few suitable passages are picked from a huge folklore material in order to construct an ancient mythology that has its roots in the Indo-European period .

Lists

Early Russian Chronicles

The Russian chronicles of the 13th century name seven or eight deities. These are considered by research as genuine Old Lithuanian deities, as their interpretation is difficult.

  • Andaj (Андай) is interpreted by some researchers as * Angdievas "snake god" (to angis "snake"), especially since the snake cult is very well attested among the Lithuanians .
  • Diviriks, Diverikǔz (Дивирикс, Диверикъэ) could be reconstructed as * Dievų rikys "Lord of the Gods", but also other interpretations, such as: * Dievo rykštė "God's rod, comet" or * Dieverika's "brother-in-law" (to dieveris "brother-in-law" ") were suggested. Its function is unknown.
  • The hare god Měiděina (Мѣидѣина). This goddess is well attested in later sources.
  • Nǔnaděj (Нъиадѣй) is sometimes interpreted as * Numadievas "house god" (to namas "house", in dialect: numas ), but this interpretation is controversial; see. Numeias near Łasicki.
  • Perkun the thunder (Перкоун) is the Lithuanian god of thunder. Perkūnas is the god most frequently mentioned in the sources.
  • Teljavelik , Teljavelikǔ the blacksmith (Телявели Телявеликъ) forged the sun. The name is missing in later documents, although a divine blacksmith ( Dangaus kalvis "the smith of heaven") is mentioned elsewhere.
  • Žvoruna the bitch (Жвороуна) ( Žvėrinė "evening star", to žvėris "wild") is perhaps identical to Medeinė .
  • Sovij (Совіи) is not described as a god, but as a deceased man who complains to his sons because he was not properly buried. Its shape is the subject of controversy in research.

Martynas Mažvydas & Mikalojus Daukša

Martynas Mažvydas was the first to translate the catechism into the Dutch dialect in 1547 . In his introduction he names some deities and mythical beings. Also mikalojus daukša calls (1595) some mythical name in his niederlitauischen catechism. All of these names are considered real.

  • Percuno (M); Pęrkûną (D) ( Perkūnas "thunder").
  • Laucosargus , Laucasargus Pl. (M), Korngott : Lauko sargai Pl. "Guardian of the field", to lazier "Field, field" and sargas "Guardian, guardian"; see. Lavvkpatimo near Łasicki.
  • Mędeinés (D) pl. ( Medeinė to medis "forest, tree"); see. Mĕidĕina of the Russian Chronicles and Modeina near Łasicki.
  • Semepates , Szemepatis (M), cattle god: Žemėpatis "earth lord", to žemė "earth" and patis "lord". This god is very well documented in various sources.
  • Źęmîną (D) ( Žemyna , to žemė "earth"), this goddess is also well documented.
  • Eithuaros , Aithwars Pl. (M) are demons: Aitvaras .
  • Caucos , Kaukus (M); Kaukús (D) Pl. Are demons: Caucasus "Kobold".

Maciej Stryjkowski

Maciej Stryjkowski lists 16 Lithuanian deities in his Kronika Polska ("Polish Chronicle", 1582), some of which are only mentioned by him and are counted among the pseudo deities.

  • Prokorimos , the most excellent god: ev. * Prakurimo dievas "God of creation", to prakurti "to lay the foundation".
  • Ruguczis , god of sour and fermented foods: * Ruginčus , to ruginti "to sour, ferment"; see. Rauguzemapati with Łasicki and Raugu patis with Prätorius.
  • Ziemiennik , earth god associated with the snake cult : * Žemeninkas ; see. Zemiennik with Łasicki and Zemenikas with Prätorius.
  • Kruminie Pradziu Warpu , goddess of grain : * Krūminė (pradžų varpų) "the bushy (the beginning of the ears)" to krūmas "bush, shrub".
  • Lituwanis , rain god: * Lietuvonis , to lietus "rain".
  • Chaurirari , horse and war god, who corresponds to the Roman Mars : ev. * Karorius , to karas "war".
  • Sotwaros , cattle god: * Sutvaras ; see. aptvaras "enclosure".
  • Seimi Dewos , ruler of the servants : * Šeimės dievas , to šeima "household servants " and dievas "god".
  • Upinis Dewos , river god: * Upinis dievas "god of rivers", to upė "river".
  • Bubilos , god of bees and honey .: ev. * Bubilas , to bubti "hum"; see. Babilos near Łasicki.
  • Dzidzis Lado , the great god: the name was incorrectly interpreted from the refrain of St. John's songs, cf. Laido, laido didis musu Dievas "it created, our great God created".
  • Gulbi Dzievos , the personal patron god, proprius genius: ev. * Gelbys dievas , to "help" yellowu .
  • Goniglis Dziewos , forest and shepherd god, equated with the Roman faun : * Ganiklis dievas to ganiklis "shepherd".
  • Swieczpunscynis , poultry deity : ev. * Šventas paukštinis dievas "holy bird god", to paukštis "bird" and šventas "holy".
  • Kielu Dziewos , god of travel: * Kelių dievas "god of the ways", to kelias "way"; see. Kellukis with Praetorius.
  • Puschaitis , the earth god, and his assistants, the Parstuken , actually belong to the Prussian religion .

Jesuit

Name sources of the Jesuits between 1580 and 1620

  • Dimstipatis , house and hearth god, Lar : Dimstipatis "landlord" to dimstis "house, yard" and patis "master".
  • Dirvolira , the name is completely unclear.
  • Nosloum : possibly to ąžuolas "oak", dial. ūžolas. ?
  • Pagyrmis , Pagireij , also called Dugnaji : * Pagirnėjas to girnos "hand mill" and * Dugnėjas to padugnės "dough, fermentation bottom"; see. Dugnai near Łasicki.
  • Perkunas , Jupiter

Jan Łasicki

Jan Łasicki (Johannes Lasicius) lists around 80 names in his work De diis Samogitarum ("On the Zemaitic Gods", 1615). Among them are obviously corrupt and misunderstood expressions, especially since Łasicki could only speak Lithuanian insufficiently. According to Jonas Balys, only eight names are considered genuine.

  • Auxtheias Vissagistis , the supreme Almighty God: * Aukštėjas visgalisis "the supreme Almighty". The name is probably based on the name of the Christian god.
  • Zemopacios battery pack , Earth deities: Žemėpacei Pl. “Earth Lords”.
  • Percunos , god of thunder: Perkūnas .
  • Percuna tete , mother of thunder and lightning, who picks up the sun in her bathhouse and releases it shiny: * Perkūno tetė “Donnermuhme”.
  • Audros , sea god: * Audros dievas "god of storm surge", to audra "hurricane, storm wind, storm surge".
  • Algis , messenger of the highest gods.
  • Ausca , goddess of the sun's rays: * Aušta or * Aušra , to aušta “it is day” or aušra “dawn”. She may beidentical to the folkloregoddess Aušrinė .
  • Bezlea , goddess of the evening: * Bežlėja , possibly to "darken" blista .
  • Breksta , goddess of darkness: * Brėkšta , to brėkšti “it is dawn”.
  • Ligiczus , god of unity: * Lyginčus "equalizer", to lyginti "equalize, compare"; see. Lygiejus with Praetorius.
  • Datanus , giver of goods.
  • Kirnus , local god of cherry trees on an island in Lake Plateliai: * Kirnis .
  • Kremata , pig and suckling gods: possibly * Krimstus "the voracious"; see. Krukis.
  • Pizio , is adored by bridesmaids: possibly zu pizė "cunt".
  • Gondu is worshiped by young women.
  • Modeina ( Medeinė ) and Ragaina are forest goddesses . The latter belongs to ragana "witch".
  • Kierpiczus , god of moss: * Kerpinčus "Bemooser", to kerpė "Lichen moss ".
  • Siliniczus , assistant to Kierpiczus: ev. * Šilyninčus "Heidemacher", to šilia "Heide". The interpretation of his name is uncertain.
  • Tavvals , originator of the fortune. It is possible that he is identical with the blacksmith god Teljaveli mentioned in the Russian chronicles.
  • Orthus is a revered sacred lake.
  • Ezernim , sea god: * Ežerinis , to ežeras "lake".
  • Simonaitem , Sidzium and Rekicziovum are clan gods of certain noble families. Only the first name ( * Simonaitis "Simonchen") can be interpreted.
  • Kurvvaiczin Eraiczin , god of lambs. Obviously, there are two names behind it, a calf god ( * Karvaičių dievas "god of calves" or * Karvaitis , to karvė "cow") and a lamb god ( * Ėraičių dievas "god of lambs" or * Ėraitinis , to ėras "lamb") ) describe; see. Karwaitis and Eratinnis with Praetorius.
  • Gardunithis , protector of the newly born lambs: * Gardinaitis , to garda's “hurdle”.
  • Prigirstitis , hearer of the murmuring: ev. * Prigirsditojis , to prigirdeti “to be able to hear”.
  • Derfintos , God who brings peace: * Derintojis "reconciler", to derinti "reconciliation".
  • Bentis , travel god: possibly to bendras “partner”.
  • Lavvkpatimo , plow and saw god: Laukpatis "Lord of the fields"; see. Laucosargus at Mažvydas.
  • Priparscis , god of suckling pig: * Priparšis , to paršas “piglet”.
  • Ratainicza , horse goddess: ev. * Ratainyča , to ratai "carriage".
  • Kriksthos , protector of the crosses on the burial mounds: to krikštas "burial cross".
  • Apidome , goddess of household changes: * Apidėmė “environment, home”.
  • Krukis , pig god who is worshiped by blacksmiths: * Krukys "grunt", to krukti "grunt"; see. Kiauliû-Krukei with Praetorius.
  • Lasdona , hazel goddess: * Lazdona , to lazda "hazel".
  • Babilos , god of bees : possibly * Bubilas ; see. Bubilos at Stryjkowski.
  • Zemina , earth goddess: Žemyna .
  • Austheia , bee goddess: * Oštėja "Summerin", to ošti "hum" or possibly to avilys "beehive".
  • Deuoitis , Vetustis , Guboi , Tvverticos and Kirnis are local gods. The latter was mentioned earlier as a local protector of cherry trees.
  • Vielona , god of the dead and souls: * Velonis , to vėlės "spirit of the dead". Alternatively, a goddess * Veluona is assumed.
  • Warpulis creates the din before and after the clap of thunder: * Varpulis , possibly to varpas "bell".
  • Salaus , Szlotrazis , Tiklis , Birzulis , Siriczus , Dvvargonth , Klamals and Atlaibos , their function is hidden from Christians. Praetorius explains these names in his treatise (see below) .
  • Numeias , house deity : * Namėjas , to namas "house", in dialect: numas . According to some researchers, it may be identical to the N genanntennaděj mentioned in the Russian chronicles.
  • Vblanicza , god of household: * Ubladnyčia , to drawer “Darre”.
  • Dugnai , goddess of flour and dough.
  • Pesseias , goddess of broods and chicks: * Pečėjas , to pečius "oven".
  • Tratitas Kirbixtu protects against sparks: * Trotytojis kibirkščių "destroyer of sparks", to trotyti "damage, spoil" and kirbikštis "spark"; see. Tartois kibirksztu with Praetorius.
  • Alabathis , god of flax hackles . The name cannot be interpreted.
  • Polengabia , guardian of the hearth fire: * Pelengabija "hearth fire", to pelenė " hearth of fire".
  • Aspelenie , goddess in the hearth: * Užpelenė . It may have something to do with the snake cult , as the house snakes often lived in the hidden corner of the hearth.
  • Budintaia , wakes people up: * Budintoja “Weckerin” to “wake up” budinti ; see. Budentoys at Praetorius.
  • Matergabiae , oven goddess to whom the first cake is consecrated: * Motergabija “women's fire ” to motė “woman”.
  • Rauguzemapati , the god of beer, mead and fermentation, to whom the first tapped sip is consecrated: * Raugo Žemėpatis "earth lord of sourdough", to raugas "sourdough"; see. Ruguczis with Stryjkowski and Raugu patis with Prätorius.
  • Luibegeldas , goddess of the wheat seed . The name was wrongly misinterpreted as a deity from a riddle and actually means laiba geldė "slim hollow".
  • Ziemennik , god of harvest: Žemeninkas ; see. Ziemiennik with Stryjkowski and Zemenikas with Prätorius.
  • Waizganthos , flax and hemp god: Vaisgantojis "fruit guard" , to vaisius "fruit" and ganyti "guard"; see. Waisgautis with Praetorius.
  • Gabie , goddess of fire: Gabija "fire". According to ancient sources, the word Gabija was a solemn word for fire.
  • Smik Smik Perleuenu , god of the first furrow. In reality there is a saying that was uttered while plowing: Smik smik per velėną “Slip, slip, through the clod!”
  • Ezagulis , god of the dead: * Ežagulys "dead" to ežagulis "burial mound". Possibly he is identical to Velonis, as this is mentioned in the following saying.
  • Aitvvaros , Alp: Aitvaras .
  • Kaukie , bearded helpful male: Caucasians .
  • Giuoitos , the revered domestic snake: Gyvatė "snake".
  • Srutis and Miechutele are color gods; see. Srutis and Meletette with Praetorius.

Matthew Praetorius

Matthäus Prätorius names around 50 names in the Deliciae Prussica ("Prussian Schaubühne", 1703). His information is considered more reliable, but he also lists many pseudo deities. Praetorius himself criticized Łasicki's insufficient knowledge of Lithuanian and corrected some of his traditional names.

  • Aitwars , Alf: Aitvaras .
  • Bangputtis , Bangputtys , storm, water god: * Bangpūtys "Wogenblaser", to banga "Woge, Welle"; puču "blow".
  • Baubis , cattle god: * Baubis "roar" , to baubti "roar"; see. Jauczbaubis.
  • Bezdukkai , Bazdukkai , Barsdukkas, etc. Ä. Pl. are earth people or earth gods. They belong to the Prussian faith, although Praetoriusetymologizedthem from the Lithuanian as * Bezdukai "Elder", to bezdas "Elder".
  • Biczbirbius , Bicziû Birbullis , bee god : * Bičių birbulis "buzzer of bees", to bitė "bee" and birbti "hum".
  • Birzulis , birch god: * Beržulis "Birklein", to lit. beržas "birch"; see. Birzulis near Łasicki.
  • Budentoys , guardian god: * Budintojis "alarm clock", to budinti "wake up". Łasicki has the feminine form Budintaia.
  • Drebkullys , earthquake god : to drebėti "tremble, tremble".
  • Dworgautis , court god: * Dvargantis , to dvaras "court, homestead" and ganyti "to guard". Another name is Gaddinautis ; see. Dvvargonth near Łasicki.
  • Eratinnis , god of lambs: * Ėraitis ; see. Eraiczin at Łasicki.
  • Gabartai , Gabwartus are meerkats, similar to the Kaukarei.
  • Gabjaugis m. , Gabjaugja f. , Grain god or goddess: to jauja "Darre".
  • Giltine , Giltyne , goddess of death: Giltinė .
  • Girstis, Girstys, Gyrotys , forest god, corresponds to the Roman Sylvanus : ev. * Giratis , to girė "forest".
  • Gothia, Gotha , cattle goddess: to guota " herd of small animals".
  • Jauczbaubis, Jaucziu baubis , cattle deity : * Jaučių baubis "roar of the ox", to jautis "ox" and baubiu "roar"; see. Construction.
  • Jwullis , forest deity : * Jievulis " Buckthorn ", to jieva " Buckthorn ".
  • Karwaitis , calf god: * Karvaitis ; see. Kurvvaiczin near Łasicki.
  • Kaukuczei u. Ä. Pl. , earth people, earth gods: kaukutis "Koboldchen", Dim. to Caucasian "Kobold". They are also called Kaukarei Pl . ; see. the Kaukie near Łasicki.
  • Kellukis , god of the way: * Keliukis "way", to kelias "way"; see. Kielu Dziewos at Stryjkowski.
  • Kiauliû-Krukei , pig god : * Kiaulių krukys "grunt of pigs", to kiaulė "pig" and krukti "grunt"; see. Krukis at Łasicki.
  • Laumes Pl. , Prätorius counts her as one of the water deities without describing her: Laumė "fairy".
  • Layme ( Laima , Laimė "luck") and Leumele, Leeuele (for Laimėlė "little luck"), goddess of birth.
  • Lygiejus , god of unity: * Lygėjus ; see. Ligiczus near Łasicki.
  • Magyla , servant of the Giltine, the executor.
  • Meletette , goddess of blue color: * Mėletetė "Blue Aunt " to mėlė "Blue Color", mėlės " Woad "; see. Miechutele at Łasicki.
  • Perkunas , Perkuns, Perkunus , the god of thunder Perkūnas is also called Diewaitis : Dievaitis " little god ".
  • Ponyke , szwenta ponyke , goddess of fire: * śventa Ponikė "holy mistress".
  • Raugu patis , god of fermentation: * Raugo patis "Lord of the sourdough", to raugas "sourdough"; see. Rauguzemapatis near Łasicki and Ruguczis near Stryjkowski.
  • Skalsa , Cornu Copiae, the cornucopia: to skalsa " abundance ". Skalsa is not a goddess, but a cult object at the harvest festival.
  • Srutis , god of green color; see. Srutis at Łasicki.
  • Szericzius , shepherd god: * Šeryčius , to šerti "to feed"; see. Siriczus at Łasicki.
  • Szlotrązys , broom god: * Šluotražis , to šluota "broom"; see. Szlotrazis near Łasicki.
  • Szullinnys , fountain god : * Šulinis , to šulinys "draw well".
  • Szweigsdukkas is a star god over the fixed stars, while the Szweigsdunka is the goddess over the planets: * Žvaigzdukas m. , * Žvaigzduka f. "Asterisk", to žvaigzdė "star".
  • Tartois Kibirksztu , spark god: * Tartojis kirbiščių " spokesman for sparks", to tarti "say"; see. Tratitas Kirbixtu near Łasicki.
  • Tiklis , grain god ; see. Tiklis near Łasicki.
  • Waisgautis , fertility and flax god; see. Waizganthos near Łasicki.
  • Wejopattis , Wejpons , Wejdiews , wind god: Vėjopatis "wind god", to vėjas "wind".
  • Welnas is the devil, who is also called Pykullis : velnias , pikulas "devil"; see. Vielona near Łasicki.
  • Zallus , feud god: ev. * Žalius , which could stand for žala "harm, suffering"; see. Salaus near Łasicki.
  • Zelus , grass god: * Želus "the green one", to želti "green, grow".
  • Zemyne , Zemyna , Zemele , Zemynele u. Ä., earth goddess: Žemyna , Žemėlė .
  • Zemepatys , Zemepattis , Zemenikas , Zemelukas u. Ä., earth god: Žemėpatis "earth lord", * Žemeninkas ; see. Ziemiennik near Stryjkowski and Zemopacios near Łasicki.

Jakob Brodowski and Philipp Ruhig

Jakob Brodowski published a Lithuanian dictionary in 1730 in which he listed a list of deities. Philipp Ruhig also entered these names of gods in his dictionary. Most of the names can be found in Praetorius. These names should also be treated with caution.

  • Aitwars , Alff.
  • Bangputtis , the sea god, equated with the Roman Neptunus : * Bangpūtys .
  • Blizgulis , snow god : to "flicker" to blizgu .
  • Deiwaites Pl. , Well and river goddesses, equated with the ancient Najades : deivaitės Pl. "Goddesses".
  • Deiwaite szwénta : Rain goddess : * Deivaitė šventa "holy goddess".
  • Drebkullys , earthquake god .
  • Gabjauja , goddess of wealth: Gabjauja .
  • Giltine goddess of death and plague. She is also simply called Deiwe ( deivė "goddess, demoness").
  • Girristis , Girsystis , forest god identified with the Roman Faunus : ev. * Giratis .
  • Czuze , travel god; or Guže , goddess of travel.
  • Jagaubis or Ugnis szwénta , the fire god, who is equated with the Roman Vulcanus : ugnis šventa "holy fire".
  • Jaucziû Baubis , Jaucziûbobis , shepherd god or the Greek Pan .
  • Bibcziu Bobelis , the garden god identified with the Greek Priapus .
  • Jawinne , goddess of grain: * Javinė , to javai "grain".
  • Kaukarus , mountain god: to kaukara "mountain, hill".
  • Kiauliû Kruke , Saugott: * Kiaulių krukys .
  • Laime , Laima , goddess of birth, happiness and life,equatedwith the Roman Fortuna . It is also called Laimele ( Laima , Laimė , Laimėlė ).
  • Laume , earth goddess or goddess of birth,equatedwith the Roman Lucina : Laumė "fairy".
  • Magÿla , Maggila , goddess of wrath or fury .
  • Mélettéle , goddess of color.
  • Mussu Birbiks , Beelzebub: to musė "fly" and birbiu "hum".
  • Perkûnas , the thunder god Perkūnas , who isequatedwith the Roman Jupiter and is also called Diewaitis aičio .
  • Piculs , Picullus , god of wrath: Picula's "devil".
  • Skalsa , Cornu Copiae, the cornucopia is actually not a deity.
  • Sambarÿs , Žembarys , the earth god identified with the Greek Pluto . Not a deity, but a festival name.
  • Zemÿna , Zemes pati , earth goddess,equatedwith the Roman Ceres : Žemyna , Žemės pati "mistress of the earth".
  • Zeme patÿs , the wind god or the ancient Aolus : Žemėpatis "Lord of the earth".
  • Zwaigzdzukas , star god : * Žvaigzdukas " little star".

Theodor Narbutt

Theodor Narbutt constructed a systematic Lithuanian mythology in his ten-volume work Dzieje starożytne narodu litewskiego ("History of the Lithuanian Nation, 1835–1841), where he also names some names that have not been handed down in earlier works. His mythology does not stand up to modern criticism He is also accused of forgery and uncritical speculation, which is why his work is worthless as a source. Nevertheless, his ideas are still very well received by neo-pagan groups; Milda plays a not insignificant role in neo-pagan circles, although she has come from research on pseudo-deities is expected.

  • Atrimpos , Gardeoldiis , Okkapirmas , Patelo , Pergrubie , Pilwite , Poklus , Sznejbrato , Wirszajtos belong to the Prussian mythology.
  • He took Mahslu baba from Latvian mythology .
  • Budte , Kabiry , Kawas , Kronis , Milda , Nijola , Pramżimas u. am from Narbutt himself.

He interpreted other names handed down by older authors according to his own taste, e.g. B. the blacksmith god Krugis (cf. Krukis at Łasicki), or the doctor and poet god Sotwaros (cf. Sotwaros at Stryjkowski).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Endre Bojtár: Foreword to the Past. A Cultural History of the Baltic People. ; Central European University Press, Budapest, 1999. ISBN 963-9116-42-4 .
  2. ↑ Jonas Balys, Haralds Biezais: Baltic Mythology. In: Hans Wilhelm Haussig , Jonas Balys (Hrsg.): Gods and Myths in Old Europe (= Dictionary of Mythology . Department 1: The ancient civilized peoples. Volume 2). Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1973, ISBN 3-12-909820-8 .
  3. ↑ Haralds Biezais: Baltic Religion ; Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1975. ISBN 3-17-001157-X . p. 321

See also

literature

  • WC Jaskiewicz: A study in Lithuanian Mythology ; Studi Baltici 9 , Roma-Firenze 1952.
  • Wilhelm Mannhardt: Letto-Prussian doctrine of gods . Latvian Literary Society, Riga 1936. Reprint Harro v. Hirschheydt, Hannover-Döhren 1971.
  • Hermann Usener: God names: attempt at a doctrine of religious concept formation ; Bonn 1985. Reprint 1985. ISBN 3-465-03114-8 .