List of battle cruisers

The British HMS Hood off the Australian coast, March 17, 1924.

The Japanese Haruna in 1934. Launched as a battle cruiser, she was reclassified as a fast battleship after two conversion phases.

The American USS Alaska , one of two battlecruisers commissioned by the United States during World War II off Philadelphia, July 30, 1944.

The following list of battlecruisers lists all completed or planned ships that were classified as battlecruisers . Starting before the First World War , its construction already reached its climax during the conflict. Buildings begun in the interwar period were often canceled or the ships were converted to other types due to changing naval doctrines and different fleet contracts. Immediately before and during the Second World War , the planning and construction of battlecruisers picked up again, many of which were no longer completed due to the clearly emerging superiority of aircraft carriers . The Soviet Union was the only country that was planning new battlecruisers after the war.

background

In the first half of the 20th century, the navies of many countries built or planned battlecruisers, capital ships with higher speed but less armor than battleships of the dreadnought type. The first battlecruisers were those of the British Invincible class , which entered service from 1908, two years after the revolutionary HMS Dreadnought . Their construction took place mainly at the urging of the First Sea Lord John Fisher . In the same year the German Empire responded by placing its first battle cruiser, the SMS Von der Tann, on Kiel . Over the next ten years the United Kingdom and the Empire built twelve and six more battlecruisers, respectively. Other states followed suit. The Royal Australian Navy put HMAS Australia into service in 1913 . Japan built four Kongō- class ships between 1911 and 1915, and Russia laid down four Borodino- class ships in late 1912 , which it never completed. Two other countries planned at least temporarily to build their own battlecruisers: France conducted several design studies in 1913 and 1914, and the United States ordered six Lexington- class ships in 1916 , which were never laid down.

The British and German battle cruisers were used for a variety of missions during World War I and met in the battles near Helgoland , on the Doggerbank and in the Skagerrak , among others . The Japanese battle cruisers had no enemy contact, as the German naval presence in the Pacific region had already been eliminated by British units when the war broke out. Both the German Empire and the United Kingdom planned to build more battlecruisers during the war, the Empire for example the Admiral class and the replacement Yorck class . A shift in priorities towards smaller ships, however, prevented the completion of most of the planned ships. At the end of the war, the German deep sea fleet was interned in Scapa Flow, where most of the ships were later sunk by their own crew .

In the immediate aftermath of World War I, the United Kingdom, Japan, and the United States planned to build new classes of battlecruisers. To prevent an arms race at sea, the three countries signed the Washington Naval Treaty with Italy and France in 1922 , which included a moratorium on the construction of new capital ships. A clause in the treaty allowed the British, Japanese and Americans to convert several of their battlecruisers into aircraft carriers. In total, only a handful of battlecruisers remained in service in their original use as a result of the treaty. In the 1930s, several navies designed the new concept Grand Battlecruiser , including the German O-class , the Dutch draft 1047-class, and the Soviet Kronstadt- class . The outbreak of World War II in September 1939 led to these plans being abandoned.

During the Second World War there was again intensive use of the existing battle cruisers, in which many were sunk. The Kongō- class ships were converted into fast battleships in the 1930s and were all lost in the war. Of the three British battlecruisers still in service, only the HMS Renown survived the war. The only other battle cruiser still operational at the end of the war was the former German SMS Goeben , which had already been given over to the Ottoman Empire in the First World War and served there as Yavuz Sultan Selim as well as in the later Turkish Navy . Due to the neutrality of Turkey, she was not involved in any combat operations during World War II.

During the war, various new battle cruiser classes were planned, including the American Alaska class , which was classified as a large cruiser , and the Japanese B-65 draft . By the end of the war, two Alaska- class ships had been completed, but during the subsequent demobilization, just like the HMS Renown, they were decommissioned and scrapped. The Yavuz Sultan Selim was the last battle cruiser in the world to remain in service until the early 1970s before it was also sold for scrapping. In the post-war period, only the Soviet Union planned to build new battlecruisers. At the instigation of Josef Stalin , three ships of the Stalingrad class were laid down in the early 1950s, but demolished again after his death in 1953.

breakdown

The Von der Tann , the first battle cruiser of the German Empire.

The list of battlecruisers contains all battlecruisers by state in chronological order of their commissioning. Classes of non-commissioned ships are ordered according to the date the planning was canceled or the last work on the project.

Main armament	Number and caliber of the main guns
Armor	Maximum thickness of the hull armor
displacement	Standard displacement with full combat gear
drive	Number of drive shafts , type of drive and maximum speed
Keel laying	Construction start time
Launch	Time of launching
Commissioning	Commissioning date

United Kingdom

Ship name	Main armament	Armor	displacement	drive	Keel laying	Commissioning	Whereabouts
HMS Invincible	8 × 305 mm	152 mm	20,420  ts	4 screws , steam turbines , 25  kn	0Apr 2, 1906	20 Mar 1909	Exploded and sunk on May 31, 1916 in the Battle of the Skagerrak.
HMS Inflexible					0Feb 5, 1906	Oct. 20, 1908	On sale December 1, 1921 for breaking up. 0
HMS Indomitable					01st Mar 1906	June 20, 1908
HMS Indefatigable			22,430 ts		23 Feb 1909	Feb. 24, 1911	Exploded and sunk on May 31, 1916 in the Battle of the Skagerrak.
HMS New Zealand					June 20, 1910	Nov 19, 1912	On sale December 19, 1922 for breaking up.
HMS Lion	8 × 343 mm	229 mm	30,820 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 28 kn	Nov 29, 1909	0June 4, 1912	On sale January 31, 1924 for breaking up.
HMS Princess Royal					0May 2, 1910	Nov 14, 1912	On sale August 13, 1923 for breaking up.
HMS Queen Mary			31,844 ts		06th Mar 1911	04th Sep 1913	Exploded and sunk on May 31, 1916 in the Battle of the Skagerrak.
HMS Tiger			33,260 ts		0June 6, 1912	0Oct. 3, 1914	In  sold for demolition Feb. 1932.
HMS Renown	6 × 381 mm	152 mm	32,220 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 31.5 kn	Jan 25, 1915	Sep 20 1916	In  sold for demolition Aug. 1948.
HMS Repulse					Jan 25, 1915	Nov 14, 1916	On Dec. 10, 1941 sunk by Japanese planes.
HMS Courageous	4 × 381 mm	51 mm	22,560 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 32 kn	28 Mar 1915	Oct 28, 1916	Conversion to aircraft carrier - Sep 17 Sunk in 1939 by the German submarine U 29 .
HMS Glorious					0May 1, 1915	Oct 14, 1916	Conversion to an aircraft carrier - Sunk on June 8, 1940 by the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau . 0
HMS Furious	2 × 457 mm		22,890 ts		0June 8, 1915	June 26, 1917	Conversion to aircraft carrier - On March 15th Sold for scrapping in 1948.
HMS Hood	8 × 381 mm	305 mm	46,680 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 31 kn	0Sep 1 1916	May 15, 1920	On May 24, 1941 by the German battleship Bismarck sunk.
HMS Anson					0Nov 9, 1916	In  March Exposed in 1917.	Deleted on Feb. 27, 1919.
HMS Howe					Oct 16, 1916
HMS Rodney					0Oct 9, 1916
G3	9 × 406 mm	356 mm	53,909 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 31 kn	At the appointed 26 October 1921	-	In  painted Feb. 1922.

German Empire

Ship name	Main armament	Armor	displacement	drive	Keel laying	Commissioning	Whereabouts
SMS Von der Tann	8 × 280 mm	250 mm	21,000 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 27.75 kn	21 Mar 1908	0Sep 1 1910	On scuttled June 21, 1919 in Scapa Flow, lifted in the 1930s and in Rosyth canceled.
SMS Moltke	10 × 280 mm	280 mm	25,000 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 28.4 kn	0Dec. 7, 1908	Aug 30, 1911	On scuttled June 21, 1919 in Scapa Flow, lifted in 1927 and terminated in Rosyth.
SMS Goeben				4 screws, steam turbines, 28 kn	Aug 28, 1909	0July 2, 1912	On transfer August 16, 1914 to the Ottoman Empire, canceled 1973rd
Seydlitz	10 × 280 mm	305 mm	28,100 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 28.1 kn	0Feb. 4, 1911	May 22, 1913	On scuttled June 21, 1919 in Scapa Flow, lifted in 1928 and terminated in Rosyth.
SMS Derfflinger	8 × 305 mm		30,700 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 25.5 kn	30th Mar 1912	0Sep 1 1914	On scuttled June 21, 1919 in Scapa Flow, raised in 1939, discontinued after the 1946th
SMS Lützow				4 screws, steam turbines, 26.4 kn	May 1912	0Aug 8, 1915	Sunk on June 1, 1916 after severe combat damage in the Battle of the Skagerrak. 0
SMS Hindenburg			31,000 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 26.6 kn	0Oct. 1, 1913	May 10, 1917	On scuttled in Scapa Flow June 21, 1919, raised in 1930 and broken up 1,932th
SMS Mackensen	8 × 350 mm		34,700 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 28 kn	1914	-	Deleted on Nov. 17, 1919, canceled in 1922.
SMS Graf Spee					1915		Deleted on Nov. 17, 1919, canceled in 1921 and 1922.
SMS Prince Eitel Friedrich							Canceled in 1921.
SMS Prince Bismarck							Deleted on Nov. 17, 1919, canceled in 1922.
Replacement Yorck	8 × 380 mm		37,400 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 27.3 kn	1916	-	Canceled 26 months before completion.
Replacement Gneisenau
Replacement Scharnhorst
O	6 × 381 mm	-	35,400 ts	3 screws, 8 × 24 cylinder diesel engine , 35 kn	-	-	Deleted after the outbreak of World War II.
P		-			-	-
Q		-			-	-

Japan

Ship name	Main armament	Armor	displacement	drive	Keel laying	Commissioning	Whereabouts
Congo	8 × 356 mm	200 mm	27,500 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 27.5 kn (later 30.5 kn)	Jan. 17, 1911	Aug 16, 1913	Torpedoed on Nov. 21, 1944 in Formosa Street.
Here					0Nov 4, 1911	0Aug 4, 1914	Abandoned on November 13, 1942 after battle damage caused by the sea ​​battle of Guadalcanal .
Kirishima					17th Mar 1912	April 19, 1915	Sunk on November 15, 1942 after the sea battle off Guadalcanal.
Haruna					16. Mar. 1912	April 19, 1915	Sank on July 28, 1945 after air raids in the port of Kure .
Amagi	8 × 406 mm	250 mm	46,000 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 30 kn	Dec 16, 1920	-	Reclassified as an aircraft carrier under construction and after damage from an earthquake on Sep 1. Deleted and canceled in 1923. 0
Akagi					0Dec 6, 1920	Dec 1923	Completed as an aircraft carrier.
Atago					Nov 22, 1921	-	Canceled and canceled.
Takao					December 19, 1921		Canceled and canceled.
Building number 795 (no name given)	9 × 310 mm	190 mm	34,000 ts	4 screws, geared turbines , 8 boilers, 34 kn	-	1945 (planned)	Not ordered due to the Pacific War.
Building number 796 (no name assigned)					-	1946 (planned)

Russia / Soviet Union

Ship name	Main armament	Armor	displacement	drive	Keel laying	Commissioning	Whereabouts
Ismail	8 × 356 mm	237.5 mm	36,646 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 26.5 kn	December 19, 1912	June 22, 1915	Canceled in 1931.
Borodino						July 31, 1915	On sale August 21, 1923 for breaking up.
Kinburn						Oct. 30, 1915	On sale August 21, 1923 for breaking up.
Navarin						0Nov 9, 1916	On sale August 21, 1923 for breaking up.
Kronstadt	6 × 380 mm	230 mm	42,831 ts	3 screws, steam turbines, 32 kn	Nov 30, 1939	-	Canceled on March 24th Ordered in 1947.
Sevastopol					0Nov 5, 1939	-
Stalingrad	9 × 305 mm	180 mm	42,300 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 35.5 kn	Nov 1951	16. Mar. 1954	Hull used as a target ship and later broken off.
Moscow					Sep 1952	-	Canceled in 1953.
Kronstadt  ?					October 1952	-

United States

Ship name	Main armament	Armor	displacement	drive	Keel laying	Launch	Commissioning	Whereabouts
USS Lexington	8 × 406 mm	178 mm	44,638 ts	4 screws, turbo-electric drive , 33 kn	0Jan. 8, 1921	0Oct 3, 1925	Dec 14, 1927	Conversion to aircraft carrier - Sunk on May 8, 1942 in the Battle of the Coral Sea . 0
USS Constellation					0Aug 8, 1920	-	-	On painted August 17, 1923 and sold for scrapping.
USS Saratoga					25 Sep 1920	0Apr 7, 1925	Nov 16, 1927	Conversion to an aircraft carrier - Sunk as a target ship on July 25, 1946.
USS Ranger					June 23, 1921	-	-	Deleted on Aug 17, 1923 and sold for scrapping on Nov 8, 1923. 0
USS Constitution					25 Sep 1920			On painted August 17, 1923 and sold for scrapping.
USS United States					25 Sep 1920			Deleted on Aug 17, 1923 and sold for scrapping on Oct 25, 1923.
USS Alaska	9 × 305 mm	229 mm	34,253 ts (34,803 t)	4 screws, steam turbines, 33 kn	December 17, 1941	Aug 15, 1943	June 17, 1944	On sale June 30, 1961 for breaking up.
USS Guam					0Feb. 2, 1942	Nov 12, 1943	17 Sep 1944	On sale May 24, 1961 for breaking up.
USS Hawaii					Dec 20, 1943	0Nov 3, 1945	Not known	On sale April 15, 1959 for breaking up.
USS Philippines					-	-	-	Deleted on June 24, 1943.
USS Puerto Rico
USS Samoa

Australia

Ship name	Main armament	Armor	displacement	drive	Keel laying	Commissioning	Whereabouts
HMAS Australia	8 × 305 mm	229 mm	18,500 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 25 kn	June 23, 1910	June 1913	At sunk April 12, 1924.

France

Ship name	Main armament	Armor	displacement	drive	Keel laying	Commissioning	Whereabouts
Designed by Gille	12 × 340 mm	280 mm	28,247 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 28 kn	-	-	Only design studies.
Design A from Duran-Viel	8 × 340 mm		27,500 ts
Design B from Duran-Viel	12 × 370 mm

Netherlands

Ship name	Main armament	Armor	displacement	drive	Keel laying	Commissioning	Whereabouts
Design 1047	9 × 280 mm	229 mm	27,988 ts	4 screws, steam turbines, 34 kn	-	-	Planning  canceled in May 1940 after the German invasion.

Remarks

1. ^ John Roberts: Battlecruisers. 1997, pp. 19-25.
2. ↑ Holger Herwig: "Luxury" Fleet. The Imperial German Navy 1888-1918. 1980, p. 60.
3. ↑ Robert Gardiner and Randal Gray (Eds.): Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships. 1906-1921. 1980, pp. 24-51 and 151-155.
4. ^ Royal Australian Navy: HMAS Australia (I). Retrieved January 26, 2013.
5. ^ ^{A b c} Robert Jackson: The World's Great Battleships. From the Middle Ages to the Present. 2000, p. 48.
6. ↑ Stephen McLaughlin: Russian & Soviet Battleships. 2003, pp. 332-337.
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Robert Gardiner and Randal Gray (eds.): Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships. 1906-1921. 1980, p. 200.
8. ↑ Robert Gardiner and Randal Gray (Eds.): Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships. 1906-1921. 1980, p. 119.
9. ^ Gary Staff: German Battlecruisers. 1914-1918. 2006, pp. 8-37.
10. ↑ Robert Gardiner and Randal Gray (Eds.): Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships. 1906-1921. 1980, pp. 41 and 155-156.
11. ↑ Holger Herwig: "Luxury" Fleet. The Imperial German Navy 1888-1918. 1980, p. 256.
12. ^ RA Burt: British Battleships. 1919-1939. 1993, pp. 314-315.
13. ↑ Robert Gardiner and Randal Gray (Eds.): Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships. 1906-1921. 1980, p. 235.
14. ↑ Trent Hone: High Speed ​​Thoroughbreeds. The US Navy's Lexington Class Battlecruiser Designs. 2011, pp. 11-14.
15. ↑ Ian Sturton (ed.): Conway's All the World's Battleships. 1906 to Present. 1987, p. 49.
16. ↑ Robert Gardiner and Randal Gray (Eds.): Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships. 1906-1921. 1980, p. 234.
17. ^ ^{A b} R. A. Burt: British Battleships of World War One. 1986, pp. 301-302.
18. ^ ^{A b} Robert Gardiner and Randal Gray (Eds.): Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships. 1906-1921. 1980, p. 391.
19. ^ Robert Gardiner and Roger Chesneau (Eds.): Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships. 1922-1946. 1984, p. 122.
20. ↑ Stephen McLaughlin: Project 82. The Stalingrad Class. 2006, pp. 116 and 119-120.
21. ↑ The German Scharnhorst- class battleships, Germany- class cruisers, and the French Dunkerque- class battleships were all referred to as battlecruisers at the time of their planning. Since they were not and are not called this during their service time and by almost all historians, they are not included in this list.
22. ↑ The table for Russia shows the date of launch instead of commissioning, as none of the battlecruisers were put into service.
23. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} John Roberts: Battlecruisers. 1997, p. 83.
24. ^ ^{A b} John Roberts: Battlecruisers. 1997, p. 112
25. ^ ^{A b c} John Roberts: Battlecruisers. 1997, p. 44.
26. ↑ ^{a b c d e} John Roberts: Battlecruisers. 1997, p. 76.
27. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r} John Roberts: Battlecruisers. 1997, p. 41.
28. ^ ^{A b c} John Roberts: Battlecruisers. 1997, p. 122.
29. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} John Roberts: Battlecruisers. 1997, p. 123.
30. ^ ^{A b} John Roberts: Battlecruisers. 1997, p. 45.
31. ^ ^{A b c} John Roberts: Battlecruisers. 1997, p. 113.
32. ↑ ^{a b c d} John Roberts: Battlecruisers. 1997, p. 65.
33. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} John Roberts: Battlecruisers. 1997, p. 63.
34. ^ Alan Raven with John Roberts: British Battleships of World War Two. The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946. 1976, p. 75.
35. ^ John Roberts: Battlecruisers. 1997, p. 61.
36. ↑ ^{a b c d} Alan Raven with John Roberts: British Battleships of World War Two. The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946. 1976, p. 101.
37. ^ Alan Raven with John Roberts: British Battleships of World War Two. The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946. 1976, p. 98.
38. ^ Alan Raven with John Roberts: British Battleships of World War Two. The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946. 1976, p. 108.
39. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Erich Gröner: German Warships. 1815-1945. 1990, p. 54.
40. ↑ ^{a b} Erich Gröner: German Warships. 1815-1945. 1990, p. 53.
41. ^ ^{A b} Gary Staff: German Battlecruisers. 1914-1918. 2006, p. 5.
42. ^ ^{A b c d} Gary Staff: German Battlecruisers. 1914-1918. 2006, p. 12.
43. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Erich Gröner: German Warships. 1815-1945. 1990, p. 55.
44. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Erich Gröner: German Warships. 1815-1945. 1990, p. 56.
45. ^ ^{A b} Gary Staff: German Battlecruisers. 1914-1918. 2006, p. 21.
46. ↑ Erich Gröner: German Warships. 1815-1945. 1990, p. 57.
47. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Gary Staff: German Battlecruisers. 1914-1918. 2006, p. 35.
48. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Erich Gröner: German Warships. 1815-1945. 1990, p. 58.
49. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Erich Gröner: German Warships. 1815-1945. 1990, p. 59.
50. ↑ ^{a b c d} Erich Gröner: German Warships. 1815-1945. 1990, p. 68.
51. ↑ Francis McCurtie: Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. 1989, page 185.
52. ^ Mark Stille: Imperial Japanese Navy Battleships 1941–1945. 2008, p. 15.
53. ↑ Keith Wheeler: War Under the Pacific. 1980, p. 183.
54. ↑ Alan Schom: The Eagle and the Rising Sun. The Japanese-American War, 1941-1943. 2004, 417.
55. ^ ^{A b} Mark Stille: Imperial Japanese Navy Battleships 1941–1945. 2008, p. 20.
56. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Robert Gardiner and Randal Gray (eds.): Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships. 1906-1921. 1985, p. 235.
57. ↑ ^{a b c d} William H. Garzke and Robert O. Dulin: Battleships. Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II. 1985, p. 86.
58. ↑ ^{a b c} Stephen McLaughlin: Russian & Soviet Battleships. 2003, pp. 243-244.
59. ↑ Stephen McLaughlin: Russian & Soviet Battleships. 2003, p. 252.
60. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Stephen McLaughlin: Russian & Soviet Battleships. 2003, pp. 248-249.
61. ↑ Breyer 1992, p. 114
62. ↑ ^{a b c} Stephen McLaughlin: Russian & Soviet Battleships. 2003, pp. 332-335.
63. ↑ Stephen McLaughlin: Project 69. The Kronshtadt Class Battlecruisers. 2004, p. 111.
64. ↑ ^{a b} Stephen McLaughlin: Project 69. The Kronshtadt Class Battlecruisers. 2004, p. 109.
65. ↑ Stephen McLaughlin: Project 69. The Kronshtadt Class Battlecruisers. 2004, pp. 107 and 112.
66. ↑ ^{a b c} Stephen McLaughlin: Project 69. The Kronshtadt Class Battlecruisers. 2004, pp. 112 and 114.
67. ↑ ^{a b} Stephen McLaughlin: Project 69. The Kronshtadt Class Battlecruisers. 2004, pp. 110-111.
68. ↑ Stephen McLaughlin: Project 82. The Stalingrad Class. 2006, p. 114.
69. ↑ Stephen McLaughlin: Project 82. The Stalingrad Class. 2006, p. 115.
70. ^ ^{A b c} Stephen McLaughlin: Project 82. The Stalingrad Class. 2006, p. 116.
71. ^ ^{A b} Stephen McLaughlin: Project 82. The Stalingrad Class. 2006, p. 118.
72. ↑ Stephen McLaughlin: Project 82. The Stalingrad Class. 2006, pp. 119-120.
73. ↑ The name is used in McLaughlin's work. The author does not back this up with official documents.
74. ↑ ^{a b c} Trent Hone: High Speed ​​Thoroughbreeds. The US Navy's Lexington Class Battlecruiser Designs. 2011, p. 25.
75. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Robert Gardiner and Randal Gray (Eds.): Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships. 1906-1921. 1985, p. 119.
76. ^ ^{A b c} Naval History & Heritage Command: Lexington. In: Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
77. ↑ United States Department of the Navy: Lexington Class (CC-1 through CC-6). February 26, 2004. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
78. ^ ^{A b c} Naval History & Heritage Command: Saratoga. In: Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
79. ^ Naval History & Heritage Command: Ranger. In: Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
80. ^ Navy Department, Naval Historical Center: USS Constitution (CC-5), 1918 Program - construction canceled in 1923. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
81. ^ Naval History & Heritage Command: United States. In: Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
82. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} M. J. Whitley: Cruisers of World War Two. An International Encyclopedia. 1995, p. 276.
83. ^ ^{A b c} William H. Garzke and Robert O. Dulin: Battleships. United States Battleships in World War II. 1976, p. 185.
84. ↑ ^{a b c d} William H. Garzke and Robert O. Dulin: Battleships. United States Battleships in World War II. 1976, p. 187.
85. ^ ^{A b} M. J. Whitley: Cruisers of World War Two. An International Encyclopedia. 1995, p. 279.
86. ^ William H. Garzke and Robert O. Dulin: Battleships. United States Battleships in World War II. 1976, p. 190.
87. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Robert Gardiner and Randal Gray (Eds.): Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships. 1906-1921. 1985, p. 26.
88. ↑ Jurrien S. Noot: Battle Cruiser. Design studies for the Royal Netherlands Navy 1939-40. 1980, p. 268.
89. ↑ ^{a b} Jurrien S. Noot: Battlecruiser. Design studies for the Royal Netherlands Navy 1939-40. 1980, p. 270.
90. ↑ Jurrien S. Noot: Battle Cruiser. Design studies for the Royal Netherlands Navy 1939-40. 1980, pp. 253-256.
91. ↑ Robert Gardiner and Randal Gray (Eds.): Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships. 1906-1921. 1985, p. 388.

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• Gary Staff: German Battlecruisers. 1914-1918. Osprey Books, Oxford 2006, ISBN 978-1-84603-009-3 , OCLC 238811268 .
• Mark Stille: Imperial Japanese Navy Battleships 1941–1945. Osprey Publishing, Oxford 2008, ISBN 978-1-84603-280-6 , OCLC 181599998 .
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This version was included in the selection of informative lists and portals on September 2, 2013 .