Locoism

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Locoism is the name for severe symptoms of poisoning in grazing animals that are caused by the consumption of plants containing the ingredient swainsonine . The term is derived from the Spanish loco = German "insane". Locoism occurs primarily after consuming plants from the genus Astragalus and Swainsona . These species are grouped under the collective name Locoweed ( English weed = German " weed ").

Structural formula of swainsonine, the trigger of locoism

Plant species

Blossom of Oxytropis sericea
Flower of Astragalus lentiginosus
Swainsona galegifolia

So far, swainsonine has been detected in the following plant species:

Genus tragacanth ( Astragalus )
Genus Swainsona
Genus Oxytropis
Also in

The fungus Embellisia fungi , which is native to the Oxytropis lambertii plant, turns the plant, which is non-toxic without the fungus, into a locoweed through the production of swainsonine, which can lead to poisoning in rats.

Effect on grazing cattle

In grazing animals, the Locoweed plants , which are mainly found in western North America, cause so-called locoism . This is a neurological condition caused by the swainsonine found in these plants. Consumption of the plants can lead to severe emaciation (even with sufficient feed intake), heart failure , spontaneous abortion , reduced fertility , malformations in embryos and addictive behavior for Locoweed plants. It is no coincidence that the symptoms resemble those of α-mannosidosis , a genetic disease in which the enzyme α-mannosidase is severely restricted in its function. Swainsonine reversibly inhibits the enzymes α-mannosidase in the lysosome and Golgi-α-mannosidase II of cells , which leads to an accumulation of mannose-rich oligosaccharides in the lysosome.

The economic damage caused by Locoweed in the western states of the USA is estimated at at least 100 million dollars annually. Other estimates assume significantly higher damage values.

The maximum content of swainsonine in the feed of grazing animals should be below 0.001% in order to avoid symptoms of poisoning. Swainsonine accumulates in the lysosome of the cells.

further reading

Review article
  • MH Ralphs, JF James: Locoweed grazing. In: J Nat Toxins. 8, 1999, pp. 47-51. PMID 10091127
  • K. E: Panter and others: Locoweeds: effects on reproduction in livestock. In: J Nat Toxins. 8, 1999, pp. 53-62. PMID 10091128
  • BL Stegelmeier et al: The pathogenesis and toxicokinetics of locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis spp.) Poisoning in livestock. In: J Nat Toxins. 8, 1999, pp. 35-45. PMID 10091126
  • JF James et al .: The effect of natural toxins on reproduction in livestock. In: J Anim Sci. 70, 1992, pp. 1573-1579. PMID 1526925
Original research

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ TC Jones et al.: Veterinary pathology. 6th edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 1997, ISBN 0-683-04481-8 , pp. 1392f.
  2. ^ CA Robles et al .: Intoxicación por Astragalus pehuenches (locoismo) en ovinos Merino de la Patagonia Argentina. ( Memento of November 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) In: Rev Med Veterinaria. 81, 2000, pp. 380-384.
  3. ^ PR Dorling, CR Huxtable, SM Colegate: Inhibition of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase by swainsonine, an indolizidine alkaloid isolated from Swainsona canescens. In: The Biochemical journal. Volume 191, Number 2, November 1980, pp. 649-651, PMID 6786280 , PMC 1162258 (free full text).
  4. ^ L. Laws, RB Anson: Neuronopathy in sheep fed Swainsona luteola and S. galegifolia. In: Aust Vet J. 44, 1968, pp. 447-452. PMID 5693904
  5. ↑ TM Ermayanti et al .: Stimulation of synthesis and release of swainosonine from transformed roots of Swainsona galegifolia. In: Phytochemistry. 36, 1994, pp. 313-317. PMID 7764877
  6. ↑ KKIM de Balogh et al: Ipomoea carnea: The cause of a lysosomal storage disease in goats in Mozambique. In: Toxic Plants and Other Natural Toxicants. CAB International, New York 1998, ISBN 0-85199-263-3 , pp. 428-434.
  7. ↑ D. Driemeier et al: Lysosomal Storage Disease Caused by Sida carpinifolia Poisoning in Goats. ( Memento of the original from October 15, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Veterinary Pathology (American College of Veterinary Pathologists). 37, 2000, pp. 153-159. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.vetpathology.org
  8. ↑ J. McLain-Romero et al .: The toxicosis of Embellisia fungi from locoweed (Oxytropis lambertii) is similar to locoweed toxicosis in rats. ( Memento of the original from March 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: J Anim Sci. 82, 2004, pp. 2169-2174. PMID 15309966 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.animalsciencepublications.org
  9. ↑ MH Ralphs et al.: Distribution of locoweed toxin swainsonine in populations of Oxytropis lambertii. In: J Chem Ecol. 28, 2002, pp. 701-707. PMID 12035920
  10. ↑ K. Braun et al .: Production of swainsonine by fungal endophytes of locoweed. In: Mycol Res. 107, 2003, pp. 980-988. PMID 14531620
  11. ↑ R. Hegnauer: Chemotaxonomy of plants. Part 3, Verlag Birkhäuser, ISBN 3-7643-6269-3 , pp. 541-542.
  12. ↑ JL Ríos and PG Waterman: A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of Astragalus. In: Phytotherapy Research . 11, 1997, pp. 411-418. doi : 10.1002 / (SICI) 1099-1573 (199709) 11: 6 <411 :: AID-PTR132> 3.0.CO; 2-6 ISSN  0951-418X (Review)
  13. ^ BM Wickwire et al.: Pipecolic acid biosynthesis in Rhizoctonia leguminicola. II. Saccharopine oxidase: a unique flavin enzyme involved in pipecolic acid biosynthesis. In: J Biol Chem . 265, 1990, pp. 14748-14753. PMID 2394693
  14. ↑ G. Heimgärtner: Synthesis of polyhydroxylated indolizidine alkaloids and γ-amino acids. Dissertation . University of Regensburg, 2005.
  15. ↑ LF James, D. Nielsen: Locoweeds: Assessment of the problem on western US rangelands. In: The ecology and economic impact of poisonous plants on livestock production. Westview Press, 1987, ISBN 0-8133-7453-7 .
  16. ↑ BL Stegelmeier include: The pathogenesis and toxicokinetics of Locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis spp.) Poisoninig in livestock. In: J Natural Toxin. 8, 1999, pp. 35-45. PMID 10091126 (Review)
  17. ↑ AG Armién M .: Comparative clinical and morphological studies on spontaneous and experimental poisoning by Ipomoea fistulosa (Convolvulaceae) in goats. Dissertation. Justus Liebig University Giessen, 2000.
  18. ↑ RJ Molyneux et al: Polyhydroxylated glycosidase inhibitors from poisonous plants of global distribution: analysis and identification. In: Plant-Associated Toxins-Agricultural, Phytochemical and Ecological Aspects. CAB International, 1994, ISBN 0-85198-909-8 , pp. 107-112.
  19. ↑ K. Chotai et al: The uptake of swainsonine, a specific inhibitor of aD-mannosidase, into normal human fibroblasts in culture. In: J Cell Biochem. 21, 1983, pp. 107-117. PMID 6411741 .