Lukka countries

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Location of Lukka and neighboring states

The Lukka countries , also Luqqa , are often mentioned in Hittite scriptures. It is very likely a region in western South Asia Minor that could never be brought completely under Hittite control and whose inhabitants were mostly viewed by the Hittites as hostile.

Localization

The translation and interpretation of the bronze plaque from Bogazköy found in 1986 in Ḫattuša , on which the state treaty between Tudḫaliya IV. And Kurunta is recorded, has confirmed the assumption of many researchers that the Lukka countries were in western southern Asia Minor. They are likely to have roughly encompassed the ancient landscape of Lycia - whose name may be derived from Lukka - and parts of Pisidia . Some experts also represent other localizations of the Lukka countries, especially in northwestern Asia Minor.

The discovery of the hieroglyphic Luwian inscription of Yalburt , in which the countries Lukka, Awarna, Talawa, Wiyanawanda and Pina-x, as well as Mount Patar, are mentioned as part of a military campaign, seems to have ensured localization in the southwest. Linguistically, the mentioned countries can be compared very well with places of the later Lycia and Caria :

  • Winuwanda (heth.) - Oinoanda (gr.)
  • Awarna (heth.) - ´WRN (aram.) - Arñna (lyk.) - Xanthos (gr.) Located near Patara
  • Talawa (heth.) - Tlawa (lyk.) - Tlos (gr.)
  • Pina (-x) (heth.) - Pinale (lyk.) - Pinara (gr.)

The mountain Patar can be equated with the Lycian city Pttara ( Patara ).

It can be assumed that Lycian or another Luwian language was spoken in the region . It should have been Luwier .

Other documents put Lukka in the closer or further neighborhood of:

According to these sources, Winuwanda can also be understood as an independent city-state or independent territory. According to one opinion, this designation of the Hittites should have referred to large parts of Turkey or Anatolia, whereby the meaning of the term wine country is simply hidden behind the term. For the period between 1700 and 1200 BC There are various archaeological finds, especially from Konya-Karahöyük , which support the cultivation of vines and thus the production of wine .

history

Mercenaries from the Lukka countries fought on the Hittite side at the Battle of Kadesh against Ramses II . Shortly before the collapse of the Hittite Empire (ca. 1190 / 1180 v. Chr. ) Had its ruler Suppiluliuma II. Heavy and heavy losses fighting against the residents of the Lukka Lands lead. It is possible that the Lukka countries were at least indirectly involved in the collapse of the great empire.

The Luka ( lk ) are mentioned in Egyptian texts from the time of Merenptah , among others . This is very likely to mean residents of the Lukka countries. As mercenaries, like some (other) " sea ​​peoples ", around 1209/08 BC they took part. On the Libyan side in the Libyan War.

See also

literature

  • Max Gander: The geographic relations of the Lukka countries (= texts of the Hittites. Issue 27). Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-8253-5809-9 .
  • Heinrich Otten : The land of Lukka in the Hittite topography. In: Jürgen Borchhardt , Gerhard Dobesch (ed.): Files of the 2nd International Lycia Symposium. Volume 2. (= Tituli Asiae minoris. Supplementary volume 18 = Austrian Academy of Sciences. Philosophical-Historical Class. Memoranda, Volume 235). Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1993, ISBN 3-7001-2017-6 , pp. 117–121.
  • Massimo Poetto: L'iscrizione luvio-geroglifica di Yalburt. Nuove acquisizioni relative alla geografia dell 'Anatolia sud-occidentale (= Studia mediterranea Volume 8), G. Iuculano editore, Pavia 1993, ISBN 88-7072-217-1 .
  • John David Hawkins : The Hieroglyphic Inscription of the Sacred Pool complex at Hattusa (Südburg) (= studies on the Boğazköy texts. Supplement 3). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1995, ISBN 3-447-03438-6 (with an appendix to the Yalburt inscription).
  • Frank Starke : Lukka. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 7, Metzler, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-476-01477-0 , column 505 f.

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