Manshū Jūkōgyō Kaihatsu

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Manshū Jūkōgyō Kaihatsu KK ( Japanese 満 州 重工業 開 発 株式会社 , short: Mangyō; English: Manchuria Heavy Industry Development Company, Ltd. ) was a company in Manchukuo , which belonged in equal parts to the Nissan - Zaibatsu and the state. As the name suggests, the focus was on expanding heavy industry and mining after the region had been stable again since the end of 1931 after more than twenty years of political chaos.

founding

Aikawa Yoshizuke and Board of Directors of Mangyō (1939)

Mangyō was an October 1937 joint establishment ( kokusaku kaisha ) of the Nissan Holding, which mainly brought in capital and the state, whose shares consisted of tangible assets. In essence, those industrial companies were transferred that were not directly involved with the transport operations of the South Manchurian Railway ( Mantetsu ). The "new" Zaibatsu of Aikawa Yoshisuke was preferred because the "old " ones like Sumitomo , Mitsui and Mitsubishi had shown little desire to invest in the region since 1932, as they feared creating competition for their Japanese works. The Mantetsu was by the Great Depression in trouble because of the export of the most important commodity, soybeans , had plummeted since the 1930th In addition, there were difficulties in obtaining foreign currency, since the railway company, mainly operating in the “yen block”, could not generate enough foreign currency for machine imports from Europe and the USA. Among the economists attached to the Kwantung Army , the supporters of a national state capitalism dominated.

The company was considered a subsidiary of Nippon Sangyō KK ( 日本 産業 ) and was initially capitalized with ¥ 540 million. After Japan renounced its extraterritorial rights , the company became a company under Manchurian law on December 1, 1937, with its headquarters in Xinjing . State holdings that had been bought from Mantetsu for ¥ 107.5 million were taken over:

Company Capital
(nominal)		 Capital
(paid in)		 Remarks
Shōwa Steel Works 100 82 Gegr. 1918 as Anshan Iron & Steel Works. since 1933 Shōwa Seitetsusho. ( 昭和 製鋼 所 ) in Anshan . Capacity in 1938: 750,000 tons of pig iron, 580,000 tons of steel.
Manchuria Light Metal Co. 25th 6¼ Annual manganese production: 55 t in 1942, 241 t in 1943, 402 t in 1944. Aluminum 1944 8441 t, of which 1024 to the army.
Manchuria Coal Mining Co. 80 32 Manshū Tankō 満 州 炭 鉱
Manchuria Gold Mining Co. 12 7.175 Gegr. In 1934, capital ¥ 12 million. The director was Industry Minister Zhang Yanqing, the actual boss Kusama Hideo. Four regional, autonomous directorates operated 15 mining sites directly with 6,000 employees; a further 20,000 employees were sub-contractors. Founded the National Fengtian Gold Refinery subsidiary in 1936 . Mother's capital in 1942 ¥ 80 million dissolved in 1943 as Manchuria Mining Industry Development Co., Ltd. continued.
Dowa Automobile Co. 6.2 3.2 Gegr. March 28, 1934 (capital 6.2 million, 50% government and Mantetsu each , technical support from Tōkyō Jidōsha Kōgyō ) as Dōwa Jidōsha Kōgyō KK ( 同 和 自動 車 工業 株式会社 ), from 1940: Manshū Jidōsha Seizō KK ( 満 州 自動 車 製造 ). Initial capacity in Hsing-king 5000 vehicles p. a.
Japan Manchuria Magnesium 7th 3½
South Manchuria Mining Co. 3.6 1.35
Manchuria Mining Development Co. 5 3.1 (Successor to: Manchuria Gold Mining Co. )
Manchuria Lead Mining Co. 4th 4th
Shantung Mining Co. 5 2¼ Gegr. March 6, 1898/10. October 1899 by a German syndicate, financed by the German-Asian Bank in Tsingtao , capital ℳ 12 million. As spoil of World War I in Japanese hands.
Manchuria Mining Co. 1 ¾ President R. Shimada.
Kaiping Mining Co. 2 1.96 Gegr. 1900 as Chinese Engineering and Mining Company ( Chinese   開平 礦務局 , Pinyin Kaiping Kuangwuju ), traded on the London Stock Exchange since 1912. Until 1937 with the participation of the Chinese Luanzhou in Tientsin as Kailuan Mining (KMA), since 1932 hardly profitable. Occupied by the Japanese in 1941. 1948 Chinese state enterprise in public ownership.
(Transfer of ownership of the first five mentioned in March 1938.)

This was followed by investments in the aircraft manufacturer Manshū Hikōki Seizō KK (founded in 1938. 満 州 飛行 機 製造 株式会社 ; Manshū Aircraft Company ) and a development company for the eastern region ( 東 辺 道 開 発 株式会社 ).

Privileges

In addition to the preferential treatment granted to all war-related industries, the company was guaranteed by both governments: 1) an annual minimum return of 6% on investment capital for ten years, with private investors receiving a guaranteed dividend of 10%; on their share; 2) Manchuk tax exemption on profits made outside the state ( double taxation ) and protection from domestic tax increases; 3) permanent free tradability of privately owned shares, guaranteed payout of 150% of private equity capital upon dissolution of the company.

At the same time, the budget for Manchurian heavy industry was increased to ¥ 3 billion in the five-year plan. A government guaranteed line of credit of £ 2 million (6 years, 5½%) with the Otto Wolf Group was to be used to purchase German machinery and aircraft construction.

War economy until 1951

For the period of the wartime rationing of goods, which began in Japan in 1938, hardly any statistical documents have survived. The trade in iron and steel products had been centralized since April 1, 1938, rationing began at the beginning of the financial year 1939. Although the company was also successful in the war, there was friction between the army and Aikawa, so that in 1942 he went to Japan returned. There followed a clear separation of the share capital of Nissan in Japan and the Manchurian offshoot. Takasaki Tatsunosuke ( 高 碕 達 之 助 ) followed him as general director . Company president was Shiba Kōshirō, who took control of Japanese shipbuilding towards the end of the war.

Numerous machines that were not destroyed by the effects of the war were transported by Soviet technicians in the areas they occupied (some until 1951) as part of the dismantling. The company as such was dissolved. The government of liberated China transferred the remains of the industrial plants into public ownership. The Shōwa Steel Works formed z. B. the foundation of today's Anshan Iron and Steel Group , around 2000 the second largest Chinese steel manufacturer.

The Japanese branches were dissolved in 1950, and the creditors were asked in January 1951 to assert any claims from the estate.

Literature and Sources

  • Peter Duus, Ramon H. Myers, Mark R. Peattie (Eds.): The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931–1945. Princeton 1996; XLVII ( review )
  • Nagaharu Yasuo: Manchukuo's New Economic Policy; Pacific Affairs, Vol. 11, No. 3, September 1938, pp. 323-337.
  • Okazaki Tetsuji: Development and Management of the Manchurian Economy under the Japan Empire Lecture held at: EBHA - BHSJ Paris 2012: Business enterprises and the tensions between local and global, 30 Aug-1 Sep. 2012.
  • Udagawa Masaru: The Move into Manchuria of the Nissan Combine; in: Japanese Yearbook of Business History, 1990, No. 7., pp. 3-29.
  • Louise Young: Japan's Total Empire. Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism; Berkeley 1998 (University of California Press)
  • Annual reports of the steel mills: 昭和 製鋼 所 調査 月報 Shōwa Seikōjo chōsa geppō; 鞍山 市 (Anzan-shi), 1939–41.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Alternative name reading also: Ayukawa Gisuke. After buying up the Kuhara mining company ( Kuhara Kōgyō ) in 1928, the company, which was initially only capitalized with 50 million, rose to become the country's second largest holding company (equity stakes around ¥  850 million, 30% in mining) by 1937 . At the time, the company had a large shareholder base of around 50,000 owners. Informal support was given during the expansion, e.g. B. by the Kimura clan (Mitsubishi clan). Nagaharu (1938), p. 332
  2. ↑ 1937 in millions of yen. Table according to Nagaharu (1938), p. 334.
  3. ↑ Japan Handbook. Berlin 1940, p. 366.
  4. ↑ Last Chance in Manchuria: The Diary of Chang Kia-Ngau. 1989, ISBN 0-8179-8793-2 , p. 173.
  5. ↑ 5 million government, 5 million Mantetsu, 2 million Dongtuo Co. See Japan Looted Gold Resources in Northeast China; Global Journal of Human Social Science, Volume 10, No. 4, September 2010.
  6. ^ Ellsworth C. Carlson: The Kaiping Mines (1877-1912). Cambridge, Mass: ²1970 (East Asian Research Center, Harvard University)
  7. ↑ in Jūyō Sangyō Gokanen Keikaku Taikō from May 1937.
  8. ^ For details see: Rosinger, Lawrence; Germany's Far Eastern Policy Under Hitler; Pacific Affairs, Vol. 11, No. 4, December 1938, pp. 421-432.
  9. ↑ according to Haikyū Kiko Seibi Yōryō, based on the "Iron and Steel Control Law" Tekko-rui Tōsei Hō.
  10. ↑ Soviet troops had stayed longer at Chiang Kai-shek's request , as he hoped to take over the area through his troops, who were equipped with US weapons and aircraft delivered from there, before the freedom fighters could reach the region. Schell, Orville; Melby: The Mandate of Heaven, [review article] in: Bull. Of Concerned Asian Scholars, Volume 2 (1970), No. 2, p. 57.
  11. ^ Basis Ministerial Ordinance. No. 6 published in Official Gazette: English edition: Public Notices: Companies and Others. January 16, 1951, p. 16.
Japanese name: As is common in Japan, the family name comes before the first name in this article . Thus Aikawa is the family name, Yoshizuke the first name.